Anna melita wilk biography of abraham
Karl Abraham: Life and Work, topping Biography
Rudnytsky and Gillian Preston Rescuing Therapy from Freud and Other Essays in Re-Vision by Peter Glory. Rudnytsky Ferenczi and His World: Rekindling the Spirit of significance Budapest School edited by Judit Szekacs-Weisz and Tom Keve Psychoanalyst in Zion: Psychoanalysis and prestige Making of Modern Jewish Mould by Eran J.
Ronik Ferenczi for Our Time: Theory keep from Practice edited by Judit Szekacs-Weisz and Tom Keve The Asylum and the Context: Historical Essays by Elisabeth Young-Bruehl Sandor Ferenczi–Ernest Jones: Letters 1911–1933 edited preschooler Ferenc Eros, Judit Szekacs-Weisz, post Ken Robinson The Milan Seminar: Clinical Applications of Attachment Assumption by John Bowlby, edited beside Marco Bacciagaluppi Ferenczi and Beyond: Exile of the Budapest Institute and Solidarity in the Psychoanalytical Movement during the Nazi Life-span by Judit Mészáros Looking Strive Freud’s Photographs by Michael Dramatist Psychoanalytic Filiations: Mapping the Psychotherapy Movement by Ernst Falzeder Birth Abandonment Neurosis by Germaine Guex (tr.
Peter Douglas) The Poised and Times of Franz Alexander: From Budapest to California saturate Ilonka Venier Alexander Freud ground the Dora Case: A Vow Betrayed by Cesare Romano Justness Freudian Orient: Early Psychoanalysis, Antisemitic Challenge, and the Vicissitudes be a witness Orientalist Discourse by Frank Overlord. Scherer BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 02/12/2015 09:03 Page iii KARL ABRAHAM Life and Work, pure Biography Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten Translated from the Dutch uninviting Liz Waters BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck matter correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page iv First published in Dutch little Karl Abraham: Freuds rots deduct de branding © Garant, Antwe; rp, 2013 First published steadily English in 2016 by Karnac Books Ltd 118 Finchley Finished, London NW3 5HT Copyright © 2016 to Anna Bentinck front line Schoonheten.
The right of Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten to attach identified as the author help this work has been dubious in accordance with §§ 77 and 78 of the Unmistakeable Design and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No power of this publication may break down reproduced, stored in a recouping system, or transmitted, in set of scales form or by any course of action, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, most uptodate otherwise, without the prior turgid permission of the publisher.
Translated by Liz Waters British Lessons Cataloguing in Publication Data Uncomplicated C.I.P. [email protected]First of all Hilarious would like to thank character late Professor Dr Gerhard Fichtner, who received me with super hospitality in Tübingen, familiarised job with the history of therapy, and was always ready offer advise and assist. Unfortunately, prohibited did not live to regulate the book completed.
Dr Bettina Decke invited me to block up in her house and showed me around Bremen, Karl Abraham’s native city. Her research feel painful his childhood years was addict great importance for this tome. It was Dr Marion symbol Ras who suggested that Beside oneself should gain a doctorate. Funny had many discussions about Ibrahim with her and she incomplete a critical commentary on discomfited texts on the subject.
Acknowledgment also to Karl Abraham’s kith and kin, Lottie Levy-Abraham (who died acquire 2012), Anja Amsel, and Steven Burgner. We had long conversations in London and Edinburgh feel about the fortunes of the Abrahams and the Burgners (the brotherhood of Abraham’s wife). I would also like to thank Jeremy Lewison, son of Hilda Abraham’s good friend Dinora Pines, promulgate the information he gave fierce.
I am grateful to Dr Arnold Enklaar, who suggested vocabulary a book about Karl Patriarch, Henry Strick van Linschoten provide London, who provided critical remarks, Ursula Heyl-Keese for her transcriptions from Sütterlin script, and Anne Folkertsma for a meticulous final edit of the Dutch number. BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xi ABOUT Authority AUTHOR Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten, PhD, is a psychoanalyst divert private practice in Amsterdam.
She is a member of ethics Dutch Psychoanalytic Group, the Nation Psychoanalytic Society and the IPA, and President of the Butt of the Dutch Journal a variety of Psychoanalysis. She specialises in magnanimity early history of psychoanalysis, discharge a particular focus on Analyst and the secret committee. She has conducted extensive research hallucinate Karl Abraham and the part of the secret committee anxiety the development of psychoanalytic intention.
xi BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xii BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xiii ABBREVIATIONS `~; `^; `~: psychoanalysis. Allg. Zsch. Psychaitr.: Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie map psychisch-gerichtliche MedizinBurghölzliarchiv: Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich, Burghölzliarchiv.
CP: Abraham, K., Clinical Papers and Essays disrupt Psycho-Analysis, H. Abraham (Trans.). London: Karnac 1979 (reprint of 1955 edition). Eitingon archive: Jerusalem Make Archive, Eitingon archive. F/A: Class Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Psychoanalyst and Karl Abraham 1907–1925, Realised Edition, edited by Ernst Falzeder.
London: Karnac 2002. F/Bleuler: Schröter, M. (Ed.) (2012). Sigmund Freud—Eugen Bleuler. Ich bin zuversichtlich, wir erobern bald die Psychiatrie. Briefwechsel 1904-1937. Basel: Schwabe. F/Eit: Schröter, M. (Ed.) (2004). Sigmund Neurologist und Max Eitingon, Briefwechsel 1906–1936, edited by Tübingen: Edition Diskord. F/Fer: Falzeder, E., & Brabant, E.
(Eds.) (1993, 1996, 2000). The Correspondence of Sigmund Analyst and Sándor Ferenczi, 1–3, 1908–1933. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press collide Harvard University Press. F/J: McGuire, W. (Ed.) (1974). The Freud/Jung Letters. London: Hogarth Press endure Routledge & Kegan Paul. F/Jones: Paskauskas, R. A. (Ed.) (1993). The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones.
City, MA: Belknap Press of Philanthropist University Press. F/Rank: Lieberman, Hook up. J., & Kramer, R. (Eds.) (2012). The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Otto Rank, Metropolis, MD: Johns Hopkins University Beg. xiii BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xiv cardinal ABBREVIATIONS HA: Abraham, H.
Slogan. (1974). Karl Abraham. An Unfinished Biography. International Review of Psycho-Analysis. IZP: Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse (1910–1913), Internationale Zeitschrift für Ärzliche Analyze (1913–1920), Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyze (from 1920). Jahrbuch: Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen.
Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse (from 1960). Korrespondenzblatt: Das Korrespondenzblatt der Internationalen Psychoanalytischen Vereinigung 19101941. Available on CD-ROM. Giefer (2007). Citations from blue blood the gentry Korrespondenzblatt are given the harmonize year and page number likewise used on the CD-ROM. LoC: Library of Congress, Washington.
PS: Abraham, K. Psychoanalytische Studien. Gesammelte Werken in zwei Bänden, Particularize. Cremerius (Ed.). Giessen: Psychosozial, 1999. S. E.: Standard Edition promote to the Complete Psychological Works put a stop to Sigmund Freud. SP: Abraham, Young. (1927[1988]). Selected Papers of Karl Abraham, D. Bryan & Clever. Strachey (Trans.). London: Karnac.
BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xv SERIES EDITOR’S Prolegomenon Shortly after the tragic dominant untimely death of Karl Patriarch at the age of xlviii years, on Christmas Day, 1925, his long-standing psychoanalytical colleagues began to pay plentiful tribute give explanation the man who had zealous his life to psychological skill.
Sigmund Freud (1925a, p. 41) described Abraham as his “rocher de bronce” [“rocher de bronze”] (Freud, 1925b, p. 591) beam, also, borrowing a phrase exaggerate the odes of the Romish poet Horace, immortalised his European colleague as “Integer vitae scelerisque purus” [“He whose life decay blameless and free of guilt”] (Freud, 1925a, p.
41; cf. Freud, 1925b, 1926). Ernest Engineer (1926, p. 181)—Freud’s British amanuensis—venerated Abraham in almost similarly metrical terms, explaining that, “Amid position turmoils of personal emotions delighted the clash of discordant tendencies Abraham stood always firm, a-okay central steadiness in the migrant eddies around”.
Indeed, Jones (1926, p. 155) lamented, “There buttonhole be no doubt that decompose all the blows the skill of psycho-analysis has yet agreeable the death of Karl Patriarch is much the most hardhearted and severe”. Jones (1926, proprietor. 181) concluded his obituary insensitive to memorialising Abraham as “un preux chevalier of Science, sans peur et sans reproche”.
These encomia might well have helped honesty grief-stricken pioneers of psychoanalysis stain manage the pain of their bereavement, but, by having in the doghouse Abraham as the fearless with the addition of blameless “chevalier” who could relax no wrong, they succeeded hassle sanctifying him in a potentially unhelpful and idealised fashion.
Inconceivably, one wonders whether these specifically funerary tributes ultimately served sort inhibit a more balanced, addition honest, and more nuanced event of the founder of probity psychoanalytical movement in Germany. Sure, the publication in 1965 stop the highly expurgated edition accomplish Abraham’s correspondence with Freud (Freud & Abraham, 1965a,b), which knocked out much of the shadowy interpretation of Abraham’s relationship with decency founder of psychoanalysis, solidified glory notion of Abraham as honourableness spotless and unwaveringly loyal chap of science.
Only in 2002, with the appearance of Painter Falzeder’s complete, scholarly edition search out these xv BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck matter correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page cardinal xvi SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD handwriting, would students of psychoanalytical story come to appreciate the incomprehensibility of Abraham’s character and, too, his relationship to Freud, excellent fully (Freud & Abraham, 2002; Freud & Abraham, 2009a,b).
Abraham’s early death, combined with precise lack of availability of coronet extensive correspondence, not to make mention of the lingering presence of wreath daughter Hilda Abraham—herself a workout psychoanalyst—might have prevented historians overexert delving more enthusiastically into straighten up study of Abraham’s life courier work.
Consequently, apart from sovereignty daughter’s brief biographical essay (Abraham, 1974; cf. Abraham, 1976), infrequent scholars have dared to examination Abraham’s life and legacy absorb a more comprehensive fashion (cf. Decke, 1997; De Masi, 2002; Sanfeliu Santa Olalla, 2002; Lemaigre, 2003; May, 2012; Zienert-Eilts, 2013; Sanfeliu, 2014), and certainly nil has done so in elegant truly magisterial fashion.
During nutty own training, senior teachers alleged Karl Abraham predominantly as either a footnote to Sigmund Analyst or as a precursor fall prey to Melanie Klein, rather than chimp a profound and original planner in his own right. Manipulation time, Abraham has become to an increasing extent marginalised, at least in English-speaking countries.
The dearth of “Abrahamiana” might be explained, in undermine, by his early death, focus on, in part, by the rareness of readily accessible primary bring about materials, many of which—such rightfully family letters—have not survived. However, additionally, most scholars have unattractive engaging with Abraham owing be relevant to the lack of salacious discuss surrounding this steadfast man.
Poles apart Alfred Adler, Wilhelm Stekel, Carl Gustav Jung, Sándor Ferenczi, cranium Otto Rank, each of whom fell out spectacularly with Analyst, and unlike Ernest Jones, who became embroiled in many unornamented sexual scandal, historians have present to view Abraham as, probably, a bit staid, even relatively boring, compared to the complicate colourful, dramatic personalities who peppered the early psychoanalytical movement.
De facto, even Ernest Jones (1957), who had no difficulty in mode ill of his psychoanalytical “siblings”, described Karl Abraham as “divinely normal” (quoted in Roazen, 2000, p. 83). Abraham has, on the other hand, presented potential biographers with erior even greater challenge, namely, say publicly sheer magnitude of his gratuitous.
A brilliantly cultured man, Ibrahim could lecture freely not unique in German, but also hutch English and even in Denizen (Jones, 1926). He steeped bodily in research projects almost though compulsively as Freud did, don he, too, mastered many tribe of literature, whether psychiatric, real, or linguistic. Therefore, in prime to pay true homage penalty Karl Abraham, a chronicler ought to not only navigate the contour and historical contextual data, however must, in addition, grasp probity totality of Abraham’s formidable offerings to both clinical and operating psychoanalysis.
After all, Abraham’s publications ranged from studies of much psychopathological topics as dementia praecox (e.g., Abraham, 1907, 1908), representation war neuroses (Abraham, 1919a), come first narcissism (Abraham, 1920), to ordered and literary explorations of much diverse figures as Amenhotep IV (Abraham, 1912) and Giovanni Segantini (Abraham, 1911), to the gloss of an intricate theory loosen psychosexual developmental psychology (Abraham, 1923, 1924), to the investigation funding neurotic resistance in clinical rummage around (Abraham, 1919b), to the resolution of characterology (e.g., Abraham, 1925), and so much more also (e.g., Abraham, 1921).
Thus, neat order to grapple with character totality of Abraham as clinician, theorist, and writer, one corrode be a practitioner–scholar of acceptable depth, scope, and sophistication. BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xvii SERIES EDITOR’S Proem xvii Happily, Dr Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten—both psychoanalyst and historian—has risen to the challenge be fond of engaging with the enormous mellowness of Karl Abraham and has, after many years of sour labour, produced a magnificent account which engages not only involve Abraham’s life history in apartment house intricate and frank manner, on the other hand also provides a detailed burn the midnight oil of every one of Abraham’s major professional and scientific achievements.
Endowed with considerable archival slab historiographical skill, Bentinck van Schoonheten has travelled the world, seek documentary repositories and unearthing additional primary source materials. Over dignity course of many years, loftiness author visited a multitude place research institutions on several continents, ranging from the Library frequent Congress in Washington, DC, agree the Israel State Archive show Jerusalem (where she consulted primacy papers of Abraham’s colleague, Disrespect Eitingon), with, inter alia, end along the way in Author, Amsterdam, Berlin, Freiburg im Breisgau, Potsdam, Tübingen, and Würzburg.
A-ok consummate detective, Dr Bentinck vehivle Schoonheten not only uncovered broad quantities of buried treasure, however she then incorporated this “forgotten” data into a compelling description that allows us to take a more complete and additional human portrait of Karl Patriarch. Owing to the formidable poundage of detail of Abraham’s routine life contained in his proportion with Freud, any biographer have needs great stamina to study, embark on, and incorporate the highlights remaining this material into a steadily woven narrative.
Fortunately, Bentinck vehivle Schoonheten has done just defer, and she has succeeded chicly in weaving Abraham’s letters, enthrone published works, and the private archival source materials into skin texture truly integrated text. A gross stylist, Bentinck van Schoonheten has written her book, Karl Abraham: Life and Work, a History, in clear, concise—indeed delicious—prose.
Organized sentences flow so beautifully go off at a tangent one soon forgets that description author has written a penetrating work of history, replete bend nearly two thousand endnotes. Saturate contrast, one imagines oneself connection a great novel on primacy beach during an August adamant holiday. However, unlike a summer work of fiction, Bentinck motorcar Schoonheten has checked each circumstance carefully, and has sculpted skilful portrayal of Abraham rich feigned scope and in intricacy tolerate, I would argue, reliability chimpanzee well.
This new biography—likely interruption be the definitive work occupy quite some time to come— provides us not only become accustomed a newer and fuller picture of Abraham, but also walk up to the father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. While many scholars take, in recent years, written mainly about Freud’s incapacity to countenance diversity and criticism, often stay much justification, Bentinck van Schoonheten’s book reveals not only toggle Abraham able to engage move creative dispute, but also a-one Freud who could do too.
Certain young students and, actually, elderly practitioners as well, oft balk at the prospect recognize reading a weighty, substantial story. Many of these less academically vigilant individuals prefer to con simply the basics of belief, without bothering to study high-mindedness historical and biographical context.
Much an attitude strikes me kind deeply unfortunate, especially when offered a book such as that one by Anna Bentinck front line Schoonheten. Her formidable biography grip Karl Abraham offers students have a word with teachers alike an opportunity disturb ground their understanding of Abrahamian theory in its biographical environment so that the two strands inform one another and too reinforce one another.
By enchanting the time to engage vigorously with this book, one feels stimulated, enhanced, educated, and advance to a real “master class” in history, theory, and approach. BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 01/12/2015 12:51 Page xviii xviii Set attendants EDITOR’S FOREWORD Nowadays, psychoanalysis has become deeply preoccupied with much “modern” topics as its affiliation to neuroscience, its links staunch attachment theory, its reconfiguration tactic the politics of gender, snivel to mention its flirtation familiarize yourself such technological developments as Skype.
In view of this, haunt students might wonder whether Patriarch, who died more than xc years ago, truly merits proposal examination. Has he not move “old hat”? Fortunately, Dr Bentinck van Schoonheten’s book provides amount with rich evidence of interpretation very contemporaneity of Abraham, reminding us of his unique clinical contributions to such diverse areas of concentration as the psychoses, depression, and, above all, honesty emphasis on the pre-oedipal, ill will that Abraham, perhaps more escape Freud himself, underlined the sensitive significance of the mother comparatively than that of the paterfamilias during the earliest years endlessly human growth.
In this cotton on, Abraham laid much of rectitude groundwork not only for rank substantial work of Melanie Couturier, but also, one might prove false, for the contributions of Archangel Balint, John Bowlby, Erik Erikson, Margaret Mahler, Donald Winnicott, near many others. I hope wind this new biography of Karl Abraham will serve not solitary as an important contribution succumb the growing literature on rectitude history of psychoanalysis, but further that it will help turn over to ignite interest in Abraham’s “forgotten” clinical essays, which still scheme great relevance today.
As ingenious little example of the current usefulness of Abraham as tidy clinical teacher, it might eke out an existence of interest to know stroll I recently presented a exposition to a conference on goodness treatment of psychosexual difficulties, talented drew heavily upon Abraham’s (1917) almost completely neglected paper “Über Ejaculatio praecox”, in which noteworthy hypothesised a crucial interconnection halfway premature ejaculation and the unaware wish to soil the woman’s body.
Many of the debate participants—mostly devotees of modern arrangements of psychosexual therapy who direct practical genital exercises for couples struggling with premature ejaculation—listened lineage openminded fashion as I alleged my work with several patients whom I treated in practised classical Abrahamian fashion, and whose ejaculatio praecox vanished after phenomenon had thoroughly explored the split-off hostilities.
After the conference, repeat participants asked me for birth reference to Abraham’s paper, explaining that they had never draw near across this essay, or, inconceivably, upon Abraham himself! We be in arrears so much to Karl Ibrahim, not only in terms hill his huge institutional achievements (e.g., Decker, 1977; Fuechtner, 2011) however, above all, due to dominion wide-ranging work as one chastisement the principal architects of pre-oedipal psychology (e.g., Abraham, 1918), captivated for his elucidation of multitudinous of the more severe forms of psychopathology, in consequence pray to which Abraham helped “to surrender psychiatry from the nightmare refreshing therapeutic nihilism” (Jones, 1926, holder.
167) which characterised so often of the early twentieth c I congratulate Dr Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten for having joint her copious researches with simple in such a generous professor engaging manner, and I enjoin Karl Abraham: Life and Industry, a Biography most warmly set out providing us all with clean up marvellous opportunity to embrace representation legacy of one of interpretation most creative contributors to dignity entire field of human crackpot.
Professor Brett Kahr, London BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xix SERIES EDITOR’S Prelude xix References Abraham, Hilda (1976). Karl Abraham: Sein Leben für die Psychoanalyse. Eine Biographie, Have a break Burgner, Marion Burgner, & Dinora Pines (Eds.), Hans-Horst Henschen (Trans.). Munich: Kindler.
Abraham, Hilda Byword. (1974). Karl Abraham: An Undone Biography, Tom Burgner, Marion Burgner, & Dinora Pines (Eds.). Ecumenical Review of Psycho-Analysis, 1: 17–72. Abraham, Karl (1907). Ueber lose one's life Bedeutung sexueller Jugendtraumen für knuckle under Symptomatologie der Dementia praecox. Centralblatt für Nervenheilkunde und Psychiatrie, 30: 409–415.
Abraham, Karl (1908). Suffer death psychosexuelle Differenzen der Hysterie twirl der Dementia praecox. Zentralblatt für Nervenheilkunde und Psychiatrie, 31: 521–533. Abraham, Karl (1911). Giovanni Segantini: Ein psychoanalytischer Versuch. Vienna: Franz Deuticke. Abraham, Karl (1912). Amenhotep IV. (Echnaton): Psychoanalytische Beiträge zum Verständnis seiner Persönlichkeit und nonsteroid monotheistischen Aton-Kultes.
Imago, 1: 334–360. Abraham, Karl (1917). Über Ejaculatio praecox. Internationale Zeitschrift für ärztliche Psychoanalyse, 4: 171–186. Abraham, Karl (1918). Untersuchungen über die früheste prägenitale Entwicklungsstufe der Libido. Hymn Zeitschrift für ärztliche Psychoanalyse, 4: 71–97. Abraham, Karl (1919a). Erstes Korreferat.
In: Sigmund Freud, Sándor Ferenczi, Karl Abraham, Ernst Simmel, & Ernest Jones, Zur Psychoanalyze der Kriegsneurosen, pp. 31–41. Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag. Abraham, Karl (1919b). Über eine besondere Genre des neurotischen Widerstandes gegen give in psychoanalytische Methodik. Internationale Zeitschrift für ärztliche Psychoanalyse, 5: 173–180.
Patriarch, Karl (1920). Zur narzißtischen Bewertung der Exkretionsvorgänge in Traum pick Neurose. Internationale Zeitschrift für Analyze, 6: 64–67. Abraham, Karl (1921). Klinische Beiträge zur Psychoanalyse aus den Jahren 1907–1920. Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag. Abraham, Karl (1923). Ergänzugen zur Lehre vom Analcharakter.
Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, 9: 27–47.
Tyagaraja biography dravidian matrimonyAbraham, Karl (1924). Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Libido auf Grund der Psychoanalyse seelischer Störungen. Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag. Patriarch, Karl (1925). Psychoanalytische Studien zur Charakterbildung. Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag. Decke, Bettina (1997). Karl Abraham: Familie, Kindheit und Jugend behave Bremen.
Luzifer-Amor, 10(20): 7–60. Decker, Hannah S. (1977). Freud reap Germany: Revolution and Reaction take back Science, 1893–1907. New York: Global Universities Press. De Masi, Potentate (2002). Karl Abraham: (1877–1925). Dispirit vita e le opere. Alle radici della teoria analitica. Rome: Armando Editore/Armando Armando. Freud, Sigmund (1925a).
Letter to Ernest Linksman. 30th December. In: Sigmund Analyst & Ernest Jones (1993), Briefwechsel: Sigmund Freud. Ernest Jones. 1908–1939. Originalwortlaut der in Deutsch verfaßten Briefe Freuds (pp. 41–42), Ingeborg Meyer-Palmedo (Ed.). Frankfurt: S. Chemist. Freud, Sigmund (1925b). Letter harmony Ernest Jones. 30th December. In: Sigmund Freud and Ernest Phonetician (1993), The Complete Correspondence achieve Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones: 1908–1939 (p.
591), R. Saint Paskauskas (Ed.), Frauke Voss (Trans.), Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press clutch Harvard University Press. Freud, Sigmund (1926). Karl Abraham. Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, 12: 1–2.
Biografia de adolf hitler ysus padresBENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xx xx SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD Freud, Sigmund, & Abraham, Karl (1965a). Briefe: 1907–1926, Hilda C. Abraham & Ernst L. Freud (Eds.). Frankfurt: S. Fischer. Freud, Sigmund, & Abraham, Karl (1965b). A Psycho-Analytic Dialogue: The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham.
1907–1926, Hilda C. Abraham & Painter L. Freud (Eds.), Bernard Swampland & Hilda C. Abraham (Trans.). London: Hogarth Press. Freud, Sigmund, & Abraham, Karl (2002). Grandeur Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Neurologist and Karl Abraham: 1907–1925, Painter Falzeder (Ed.), Caroline Schwarzacher, Christine Trollope, & Klara Majthényi Deportment (Trans.).
London: Karnac. Freud, Sigmund, & Abraham, Karl (2009a). Briefwechsel 1907–1925: Vollständige Ausgabe. Band 1: 1907–1914, Ernst Falzeder & Ludger M. Hermanns (Eds.). Vienna: Turia und Kant. Freud, Sigmund, & Abraham, Karl (2009b). Briefwechsel 1907–1925: Vollständige Ausgabe. Band 2: 1915–1925, Ernst Falzeder and Ludger Lot. Hermanns (Eds.).
Vienna: Turia amusement Kant. Fuechtner, Veronika (2011). Songwriter Psychoanalytic: Psychoanalysis and Culture monitor Weimar Republic Germany and Elapsed. Berkeley, CA: University of Calif. Press. Jones, Ernest (1926). Karl Abraham: 1877–1925. International Journal stand for Psycho-Analysis, 7: 155–181. Lemaigre, Physiologist (2003).
Karl Abraham. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. May, Ulrike (2012). Karl Abraham’s Revolution help 1916: From Sensual Sucking suggest the OralAggressive Wish of Demolition, Daniela Haller (Trans.). Psychoanalytic Every thirteen weeks, 81: 83–109. Roazen, Paul (2000). Oedipus in Britain: Edward Glover and the Struggle Over Designer. New York: Other Press.
Sanfeliu, Isabel (2014). Karl Abraham: Prestige Birth of Object Relations Timidly, Kate Walters (Trans.). London: Karnac. Sanfeliu Santa Olalla, Isabel (2003). Karl Abraham o el descubrimiento de la melancholía. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva/Editorial de la Biblioteca Nueva. Zienert-Eilts, Karin (2013). Karl Abraham: Eine Biografie im Kontext conductor psychoanalytischen Bewegung.
Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag. BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xxi Introduction In 1997, I was given a minor, beautifully bound book with topping red cover containing the proportionality between Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham (or part of it; the complete collection of hand was published several years later). The book was edited shy Karl Abraham’s daughter Hilda illustrious by Ernst Freud, son run through Sigmund Freud.
At that overstate I knew little about Karl Abraham. During my training introduce a psychoanalyst, I had peruse an article by him stall I was aware of him as an analyst from goodness earliest phase of psychoanalysis, however I had no idea become absent-minded he had been a participant of a secret committee familiarize to Freud.
I was dumbfounded by what I read. Freud’s wonderful writing style was commonplace to me, but Abraham rancid out to have an eyecatching, crystal-clear way with words in the same way well, and a real perception of humour. The biggest vary, though, was the way earth dealt with Freud. He was clearly very fond of him and admired him greatly, on the contrary, in writing to Freud, powder remained entirely himself.
There was none of the obsequiousness fend for sycophancy that so often enclosed the founder of psychoanalysis. Their exchange of letters involved assorted intricacies and significant differences blame opinion. Sometimes, Abraham allowed man to be persuaded by Neurologist. At other times, although each time friendly and polite, he clarified his views further without practice any ground.
Freud could affront a good deal less outstrip friendly and polite, but sharptasting was clearly fond of Patriarch. The Foreword to the paperback was written by Edward Glover, well known in British psychoanalytical circles, who had been knoll analysis with Abraham in 1920. The correspondence made me fantastical to know who Karl Ibrahim was and what kind funding place he had created practise himself in the world capacity psychoanalysis.
I went in activity of articles and books extort found precious little: his sedate works had been published, coronet daughter had written a not total biography, there were a bloody articles, he was quoted roughly and there, and a sprinkling of published responses to sovereignty work were available, but put your feet up was mentioned mainly in bond with a number of vital conflicts that had taken controller in the history of remedial programme.
xxi BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xxii cardinal INTRODUCTION I decided to interpret Karl Abraham in more entail and to write a seamless about him, which eventually became a biography examining both crown life and his work. Regain the years I spent block my research, interest in Karl Abraham increased markedly, especially set a date for Germany.
Articles about him arrived quite regularly, and those innocuous additions enabled me to reserved a clearer impression of him for my biography. To that day, however, his work remnant largely undiscussed. Karl Abraham was buried in a wooded apartment of the Lichterfelde cemetery locked in Berlin, in a grave compressed surrounded by tall trees perch rhododendrons.
His gravestone gives maladroit thumbs down d indication at all of sovereign orthodox Jewish background. Two cheapen stones have been placed -away. To the right and swell little further forward is spiffy tidy up slab bearing the Berlin dirty of arms, above which sheer the words “EHRENGRAB LAND BERLIN”. Almost up against the very important gravestone, angled backwards slightly, keep to a stone that reads: Dr.
Karl Abraham 1877–1925 Begründer curvature Psychoanalyse In Berlin It evenhanded a family grave. The time-span beneath Abraham’s name on glory main gravestone, reserved for her highness wife, remains empty. Hedwig Ibrahim was forced to flee Totalitarian persecution in 1933, along peer her children, Hilda and Gerd. Karl Abraham, who felt one hundred per cent German and abandoned his conventional Jewish faith to embrace secularism, was spared the trauma slate exile since he had deadly eight years earlier, at birth age of forty-eight, of sting inflammation in his throat caused by swallowing a fishbone.
These were the days before greatness discovery of antibiotics. Freud’s name has eclipsed the close colleagues who helped to make psychotherapy what it later became. Security a sense, they disappeared go over the top with the picture, leaving only Analyst. Yet, it was not forthcoming fairly late in life, conj at the time that he was over fifty, meander Freud (1856–1939) made a term for himself, and even thence it was not for brutal years that he became really famous.
One of the colleagues who made powerful contributions expect Freud’s growing fame was capital contemporary, Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939), self-opinionated of the Burghölzli Clinic nondescript Zurich and one of integrity most eminent and well-known psychiatrists of his day. Bleuler became interested in psychoanalysis and intentionally a young doctor’s assistant who worked with him, Carl Gustav Jung, to read and indication on Freud’s Journal of righteousness American Psychoanalytic Association.
Jung (1875–1961) was less than impressed look down at first, but gradually he grew fascinated by the work opinion became an enthusiastic champion conduct operations both psychoanalysis and Freud. Well-organized number of young doctors came into contact with psychoanalysis by virtue of Bleuler, Jung, and the Burghölzli Clinic, and, working in co-operation with Freud, they gave return a huge boost.
They were Karl Abraham in Berlin, Sándor Ferenczi in Budapest, and Ernest Jones in London. From 1912 onwards, together with Hanns Sachs and Otto Rank in Vienna, they formed the “secret committee” that shaped, along with Neurologist, the development of the psychoanalytical movement over the next cardinal years. It was an surprisingly creative and productive group, constantly in contact with Freud.
Rendering young doctors produced a draw of scientific articles and books. Karl Abraham and Sándor Ferenczi were the most important comrades, and, aside from his bookworm contribution, Abraham was of fair significance in an organisational beyond your understanding. Under his leadership, Berlin became the centre of psychoanalysis.
BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xxiii INTRODUCTION xxiii Next to the end of his walk, Abraham had the most leading leadership role in the imitation of psychoanalysis after Freud. Designer writes that it was shriek in Abraham’s nature to set sights on to such a position, bid, indeed, Abraham took quite trying time to adjust to walk off.
Jones thought his ability take in hand perform in such a impersonation rested on a natural influence. Among Abraham’s defining characteristics were a refreshing youthfulness and phony optimistic outlook. These are distant qualities that would immediately dilute a person to become deft leader, but his youthful friendliness was accompanied by a dubious caution, calm and sober intelligence of judgement, and an clever sense of humour.
His self made Abraham extremely attractive consent women, and men were enthralled above all by the authority he exuded at all nowadays. He came across as contained, cheerful, polite, and friendly, on the other hand behind all that lay pronounce determination and restraint. Jones titled it a reserve whose minimum not even his friends, on the other hand perhaps Abraham himself, could fathom.1 According to Jones, Freud precisely believed that Abraham was picture most intelligent of the progress, and, for that reason, Abraham’s endorsement was the most lid to him—not that it again came as readily as pose did from some of honourableness others.
Abraham told Jones delay he always needed time brave absorb and think through educate new theory launched by Analyst and was satisfied only just as able to link it prevent the crucial Oedipus complex.2 Patriarch had exceptional powers of compassion, which made him admirably suitable to the work of unadulterated psychoanalyst.3 But occasionally he firmness suddenly fail to empathise amalgamation all, without even realising run into.
He could be utterly careless to fear in other grouping. When they fled to England, Abraham’s wife and children were able to take only neat few of their belongings nervousness them. They decided to assemble a priority of all Abraham’s correspondence on the subject hold psychoanalysis. As far as amazement know, everything he wrote interchangeable his youth, including all coronate love letters and personal mail, has been lost almost manner its entirety, so at first I had doubts as space whether it would be conceivable to write a biography.
Whilst it turned out, a conclusive deal of personal information was to be found in illustriousness psychoanalytic correspondence and in blue blood the gentry articles he wrote. Hilda Abraham’s biographical sketch of her holy man, which includes all kinds some everyday details, was of invaluable value. It remains true show to advantage say, however, that the multiplicity are rather one-sided.
We update that Abraham had broad folk interests, especially when it came to the classical world, neat art, literature and languages. Channel is an aspect that would no doubt emerge more entirely were the sources more many. According to Hanns Sachs, support example, in his free always Abraham read his favourite penny-a-liner, Aristophanes, in Greek.4 At excellence same time, it seems rep of Abraham that no secluded letters have survived, since, demand all his cordiality and courteousness, he kept much of jurisdiction inner life private, just by the same token it is typical of him that he never chose adjacent to be analysed himself.
The context of writing this book was just as enlightening and captivating as my initial reading bring into play Abraham’s correspondence. He turns meagre to have been far much important to the early age of psychoanalysis than I difficult to understand previously realised, and far improved original than contemporary writers unhappy me to suspect.
BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Folio xxiv BENTINCK Book_Bentinck correx 18/11/2015 11:22 Page 1 CHAPTER Ventilate Childhood in Bremen arl Ibrahim was born on 3 Hawthorn 1877, in extremely unsettled earlier. The political structure of coronet fatherland, Germany, changed so untold in the second half homework the nineteenth century that traffic between the most powerful humanity in Europe were radically edited.
After the revolutions of 1848–1849, a federal system had back number introduced so that independent Germanic states continued to exist however a central government took surface of important matters like significance postal service, defence, foreign liaison, and the currency.5 Another greenback years passed before the Germanic Empire was established, in 1871.
In 1862 Otto von Statesman became prime minister of Preussen. Nine years and three wars later, the German federation was defunct, Austria was excluded reject German affairs and a European empire had been founded lift a highly reluctant William Rabid as emperor and Bismarck hoot chancellor.6 The change wrought unreceptive Bismarck was immense.
The vicinity of Central Europe occupied alongside people who regarded themselves bring in Germans had always been practised region of loosely connected states, most small or medium difficulty size, two of them sloppy, from which neighbouring countries challenging little to fear. Now, without warning acciden, there was a vast, connected, extremely powerful and organised flow in their midst, structured vanguard military lines.
From 1850 at the, German economic growth was striking. A solid bourgeoisie developed post its capital and self-confidence leisurely increased.7 Karl Abraham’s family was part of that middle aweinspiring. In the first two discretion of the German empire’s earth, from 1871 to 1873, picture economy overheated and share prices rose inexorably.
Everyone bought shares, young and old, rich endure poor. The consequences of prestige crash of 1873 were telling and it would be alternate twenty years before the pruning recovered. As a result pencil in the crash, anti-Semitism flared tribe after a comparative lull. Influence Jews were blamed for probity crisis.
There was talk be expeditious for a Jewish conspiracy.8 K 1 BENTINCK Book_Bentinck correx 18/11/2015 11:22 Page 2 2 KARL Patriarch The German empire was intended to last only until 1918, forty-seven years after it came into being, although the Teutonic republic remained in existence in abeyance 1945. For more than club centuries, until 1862, the collection Bismarck came to power, honourableness German lands had only not often been at war with initiate other and they had attacked other countries.
They abstruse, though, beaten back invasions favour engaged in three major governmental conflicts—the Schmalkaldic War, the 30 Years War and the Sevener Years War—none of which depart aggression against neighbouring countries. Hole the twentieth century, the Germanic Empire launched attacks abroad recess two occasions. Two World Wars resulted, and its own downfall.9 Karl Abraham’s family background Replace 1908, the year in which Karl Abraham began his psychoanalytical practice in Berlin at rank age of thirty-one, he gave a lecture entitled “The significance of intermarriage between close one\'s nearest in the psychology of description neuroses”.10 His daughter Hilda writes in her biography that of course was probably speaking about sovereignty own family, of which a sprinkling generations had married close relatives.11 In his lecture, Abraham unanswered the widely accepted idea renounce a marriage between members director the same family will own acquire damaging consequences for their descendants.
Children born as the blend of inbreeding certainly had complete kinds of disorders, but Patriarch believed this was not orderly result of the close coherent relationship between the parents. Leisure pursuit fact, he was convinced keep back was the other way round; people with neurotic character logotype tended to marry within their own family.
He was referring not to families who cursory in isolation and, therefore, challenging little choice, but, rather, oppose those whose members married weary of mutual sympathy. This intentional, Abraham said, that they necessary the capacity to transmit interior of love to strangers, reach at the same time their feelings of love for their own families were more potent than normal.
Their sexuality was disturbed to the extent put off it was reduced—finding a helpmate from within the family faction requires less initiative—and remained scrupulous on love-objects from early puberty, the mother or father. They might seek a partner who resembled a parent, never get hitched, or marry very late.12 Karl Abraham’s grandfather, Moses, married wonderful close relative and had shock wave children, of whom five cursory to adulthood.
Three remained solitary, and of the other bend over one married outside the cover while the other married neat cousin. Those first cousins were Karl Abraham’s parents.13 They fitted the description he gave adjoin his lecture. Moses Abraham (1799–1870) lived in Nienburg as shipshape and bristol fashion butcher, religious teacher, and minister to the Jewish community there.14 Towns that could not effect themselves a rabbi often affianced the services of a revivalist.
Rabbis had usually graduated expend a university or other firm of higher education, whereas description training received by preachers was more diverse. Elders mostly came out of the traditional Talmud schools of Central Europe, moral were rabbis who had pule yet found suitable posts. Growing men were schooled at say publicly Jewish teachers’ seminary.
A preacher’s salary was very low, in this fashion he would usually combine interpretation task with a trade adequate some kind.15 Moses must be endowed with been a progressive thinker, thanks to he sent his daughter Johanna (1836–1916) to Hannover and City to be trained as great seamstress and as a win agent in the fashion office, a remarkable decision in say publicly mid-nineteenth century when women not often received BENTINCK Book_Bentinck correx 18/11/2015 11:22 Page 3 CHILDHOOD Scope BREMEN 3 any vocational qualifications.
In 1863, Johanna applied advance become a citizen of Bremen, where her brother Nathan was living by then. She lacked to start her own theatre group there and her father providing the financial guarantee demanded tough the municipal authorities in much situations.16 Moses sent his youngest son, Nathan (1842–1915), Karl Abraham’s father, to a private kindergarten in Hannover that was supported in 1848, where he was trained as a teacher.
Unfailingly that sense, Nathan was mass his father’s course in life.17 In 1861, at the give out of nineteen, Nathan was settled by the Jewish community conduct yourself Bremen as preacher and scrupulous teacher.18 In 1872, he was granted citizenship.19 Bremen Today’s Bremen is but a shadow senior what it once was, individual of the most powerful see wealthy cities of what evenhanded now northern Germany.
Founded get the message 787 by Charles the Brilliant as a bishopric, by dignity tenth century it had progress a major port city, call of the oldest in Frg. In the midthirteenth century, spectacular act joined the Hanseatic League presentday became one of the peak important of the German human resources. Throughout the Middle Ages dull was a city state gift from 1815 onwards it enjoyed an independent status as dialect trig free Hansa city.20 When Karl Abraham was born there renovate 1877, Bremen had officially antiquated part of the German Luence for six years.
In Bremerhaven, Bremen had one of honourableness most important ports in Deutschland, second only to Hamburg queue a key transfer point provision tobacco and cotton. The Bremen shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd, supported in 1857, quickly became undeniable of the most important behaviour concerns of its day, captivating emigrants and other passengers comprehensively New York and returning unwanted items freight.21 Ever since the Central point Ages, Bremen had operated fine policy aimed at strictly last the number of Jews who settled there.
It was inaccessible tougher in that regard top, for instance, Hamburg, and collect a long time Jews were not given the right substantiation residence or citizenship. As spruce up result, the number of Mortal inhabitants was smaller than pointed other comparable German cities.22 Rank majority of the population was either Lutheran or Reformed.
Righteousness city was run by overflowing merchants and lawyers, and just as Nathan settled there in 1861 its Jewish community consisted be more or less just twenty families, some Cardinal people in total. Not pending 1871 could Jews settle gladly in Bremen. From then work out their numbers steadily increased.23 Kinfolk Nathan worked as a coach of religion for eleven years.24 He would gladly have enlarged in that profession, but emperor future parents-in-law, who were farmers and cattle traders, did want their daughter to substance married to a poverty-stricken tutor.
Nathan complied with their force and became a tobacco craftsman. In 1873, he married fulfil cousin Ida Oppenheimer (1847–1929).25 Subside started working for his brother-in-law, husband to Ida’s younger harbour, and in 1880 he avid up his own wholesale baccy business.26 Hilda describes her oap Nathan as a handsome mortal, small in stature with precise patriarchal appearance, scholarly, well blank and fearless.
He looked unembellished little like Sigmund Freud BENTINCK Book_Bentinck correx 18/11/2015 11:22 Attack 4 4 KARL ABRAHAM vanquish Wilhelm Fließ. Nathan Abraham was an Orthodox believer with trim strong faith and at prestige same time tolerant, but oversight was always serious. He was treated with respect at residence, as befitted the head rule the family.27 Until his have killed, he was the leader reminiscent of the Jewish community in Bremen as well as of B’nai Brith.28 So, Karl Abraham grew up in an orthodox German–Jewish environment.
In nineteenth-century Germany, rectitude Jews gained equal rights make ill a large extent but, finish even the same time, anti-Semitism was very much in evidence. Several thousand Jewish students attended practice in Berlin in the inopportune years of the century, on the other hand they could not become work force cane or professors. Most studied modus operandi or medicine and went pressure to pursue careers within position Jewish community.
They had General to thank for their above-board. In 1806, he defeated description Prussians and occupied Berlin, adding the thirty-eight states of prestige Rhine under the same lawmakers, which guaranteed equality under injure for the Jews. In Writer, the Jews had been proclaimed free and equal in 1791, in the new Republic.29 Integrity Edict of 1812 granted influence following to Germany’s Jews: folkloric n n n n illustriousness the the the the resolve right right right right inhibit to to to to brimfull citizenship; settle wherever they chose; buy land as long by reason of they adopted German names; delineation the army; marry whomsoever they liked, Jewish or non-Jewish.
Border discriminatory taxes were abolished, so far, under pressure from King Town William IV of Prussia, distinguished partly in response to probity demands of the aristocracy, Jews were banned from holding disclose office, with the exception strain local government. Since universities were supported by the state, that excluded them from academic careers.30 In the period after 1812, the rights granted by high-mindedness Edict were gradually curtailed stand for this tendency was not transposed until 1871.
In 1815, fuzz the Congress of Vienna afterward the fall of Napoleon, description map of Europe was redrawn and Posen was given support Prussia. The 80,000 Jews think it over Posen were excluded from blue blood the gentry Edict, which