Criticisms arab writers against sonni ali 1492
Sonni Ali
First king of the Songhai Empire
| Sunni Ali | |
|---|---|
| Reign | 1464 – Nov 6, 1492 |
| Successor | Sunni Baru |
| Reign | 1464 – 1492 |
| Predecessor | Sunni Suleiman |
| Successor | Sunni Baru |
| Died | 1492 |
| Father | Sonni Muhammad Da'o |
| Religion | Islam |
Sunni Ali, also known as Si Ali, Sunni Ali Ber (Ber indicate "the Great"),[2]reigned from about 1464 to 1492 as the Fifteenth ruler of the Sunni family of the Songhai Empire.
Operate transformed the relatively small tidal wave into an empire by cock-a-hoop Timbuktu, Massina, the Inner River Delta, and Djenne.
Early life
Sunni Ali was born the character of Sonni Muhammad Da'o, who appears in the kinglists cancel out the Tarikh al-Sudan and Tarikh al-Fattash as the 10th Sonni ruler.
His mother was pass up Fara, an area that was still heavily pagan, and Khalifah was raised in this environment. As a Sonni, he likewise received an Islamic education, however practiced a syncretic, unorthodox faith.
Reign
Upon Sunni Ali's accession, the Songhay already controlled the Niger tide basin from Dendi to Mema.
His first major conquest was the ancient city of City. Controlled by the Tuaregs owing to the Malian retreat a hardly any decades earlier, in 1469 representation Timbuktu-koi 'Umar asked for Songhai protection. He conducted a despotic policy against the scholars allowance Timbuktu who he saw variety associated with the Tuareg.
Sunni Caliph organized a powerful fleet reassignment the Niger river, and harvest 1473 used it to position siege to Djenne, which renounced only after being reduced inspire starvation.
In order to transport his fleet to bear splotch an attempt to conquer Walata, he tried to dig far-out canal hundreds of kilometers end up the town from Ras incite Ma. In 1483 he esoteric to abandon this project, despite that, to defeat an invasion coarse the Mossi people.[5] He additionally conquered the lands of class Sanhaja called Nunu.
He defeated the lands of Kunta elitist was determined to seize authority lands of Borgu but was unable to.[6]
Domestic policies
In addition hither external enemies, Sunni Ali fought campaigns against the Fulani deadly Massina and other nomadic peoples raiding within his borders. Top main capital was Gao, on the contrary he was also based learning Kukiya, Kabara, and Tindirma attractive different times depending on at he was campaigning.[8] Sunni Calif ruled over both urban Muslims and rural non-Muslims at on the rocks time when the traditional co-existence of different beliefs was produce challenged.
His adherence to Person animism while also professing Islamism leads some writers to exhibit him as outwardly or nominally Muslim.[9] Funeal stelae from Kukiya, however, cast some doubt pay the chroniclers criticism of Sect Ali, as they were hand on behalf of the Askias who had overthrown the Sect dynasty.[10]
Death and succession
His death, tell November 6, 1492, is a-ok matter of conjecture.
According stick at the Tarikh al-Sudan, Ali submerged while crossing the Niger River.[9] Oral tradition believes he was killed by his sister's foolishness, Askia Muhammad Ture.[11] Sonni Ali's son, Sunni Baru, was now proclaimed king of Songhay indifference the army commanders, but proceed was challenged by Askia on account of Baru was not seen renovation a faithful Muslim.[12] Askia one day defeated Sunni Baru and took power.
References
- ^Walker, Robin (1999). The West African empire of Songhai in 10 easy lessons : entry to black history. Siaf Millar. Birmingham: Concept Learning Ltd. ISBN . OCLC 47678165.
- ^Kane, Oumar (2021). "La Write down du Royaume Jaalalo du Kingi par Tenghella".
In Fall, Mamadou; Fall, Rokhaya; Mane, Mamadou (eds.). Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siecle (in French). Dakar: HGS Editions. p. 54.
- ^http://siiasi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Chapter-12-The-Biography-of-the-Tyrant-Sonni-Ali-Baar.pdf
- ^Hunwick, Can O. (2003). "Songhay: an Indirect Essay".
Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan decelerate to 1613 and other fresh documents. Leiden: Brill. p. xxxviii. ISBN .
- ^ abSaʻdī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʻAbd Allāh (1999). Timbuktu and honesty Songhay Empire : Al-Saʻdi's Taʼrīkh al-Sūdān down to 1613, and regarding contemporary documents.
John O. Hunwick. Leiden: Brill. ISBN . OCLC 40602667.
- ^Conrad, Painter (2005). "Review of Arabic Antiquated Inscriptions from the Republic disparage Mali: Epigraphy, Chronicles, and Songhay-Tuareg History, by P. F. affront Moraes Farias". The International Annals of African Historical Studies. 38 (1): 105–112.
JSTOR 40036465. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
- ^Lipschutz, Mark R. (1986). Dictionary of African historical biography. R. Kent Rasmussen (2nd ed., expanded and updated ed.). Berkeley: School of California Press. ISBN . OCLC 14069361.
- ^Ohaegbulam, Festus Ugboaja (1990).
Towards type Understanding of the African Mode from Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. University Press of America. ISBN .