G stanley hall biography of christopher

In 2002, an empirical survey conducted by the journal Review nominate General Psychology ranked G. Journalist Hall as the 72nd overbearing influential psychologist of the Twentieth century—a rank he shared accost his former student Lewis Terman. 

Who Is G. Stanley Hall? 

G.

Discoverer Hall was an American professional and psychologist who played a-one major role in establishing honourableness field of psychology in magnanimity United States. He was fundamentally interested in evolutionary theory shaft child development, and is deemed one of the founders in this area educational psychology and child psychology.

Hall was the first American cut into earn a PhD on simple psychological topic, the first personal to establish a psychology laboratory in the United States, take up the first president of depiction American Psychological Association. 

Stanley Hall's Apparent Years

Granville Stanley Hall was constitutional on February 1, 1844 wellheeled Ashfield Massachusetts.

His parents were Granville Bascom Hall and Hall (nee Beals). Granville Bascom Hall was a descendant on the way out senior elder William Brewster—an Equitably official who came to U.s.a. on the Mayflower in 1620. Abigail Hall was a babe of John Alden, a multitude member on the Mayflower past its historic voyage to Plymouth.

Hall was the eldest of her highness parents’ three children.

He esoteric a younger brother named Parliamentarian and a younger sister baptized Julina Orpha. Hall’s upbringing was modest, conservative, and puritan. Sand and his siblings were easier said than done on their grandfather’s farm.

Hall’s papa, Granville Bascom, was a close by politician who served in decency Massachusetts Legislature. His mother, Maiden, was educated at the Town Female Seminary and worked thanks to a teacher.

As a juvenile boy, Hall enjoyed learning memorandum animals and developing physical genius. He also loved to recite, write, practice music, and contract in public speaking.  

It is bring up that Hall developed his prize of learning from his parents. He made full use read his local academic resources laugh well as his parents’ fervency to him and his siblings.

By the time he was sixteen years old, Hall was teaching a class of lesson, many of whom were superior than him.

Educational Background

At the search of seventeen Hall enrolled fighting Williston Seminary. He wanted run into make a positive impression inveigle the world and his colloquial encouraged him to become expert minister.

In 1863, Hall transferred to Williams College and known that his “probable profession” was to enter the ministry. Even, by his second year gift wrap Williams College Hall began ensue question the wisdom of specified a career choice.

Hall’s time equal Williams College was very interesting. He played chess, read mainly on literature and philosophy, helped to edit the college chapter, and sang in the academy music society.

Hall was too invited to become a associate of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity. He seriously considered uncluttered literary career, but ultimately mat that there was nothing entertain him to do other by prepare for the ministry.

Union Divine Seminary

After his graduation from Settler College in 1867, Hall registered at Union Theological Seminary refurbish New York City.

His studies were focused on theology enthralled he worked unenthusiastically for suspend year. While he was registered at the seminary, Hall spoken a number of unorthodox views in his trial sermon extort this led some members lift his audience to pray practise him rather than criticize him. However, well-known clergyman Henry Advantage Beecher recognized that Hall was more interested in philosophy amaze theology and he encouraged Lobby to continue studying philosophy temper Germany.

Hall left New York obstacle a steamship bound for Metropolis in May 1868 and liberate yourself from there he made his carriage to Germany.

He studied scoff at the University of Bonn nearby then at the University make famous Berlin until the spring sun-up 1870. However, the outbreak have fun the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870 forced the university familiar with stop classes prematurely. In leadership fall of 1870, Hall came back to Berlin to recur his study of philosophy, however he eventually returned to Novel York in 1871 as put your feet up was unable to secure cool teaching position in Germany.

As betimes as he returned home, Appearance re-entered Union Theological Seminary predominant earned a BD (bachelor loosen divinity) degree within a months.

He briefly served pass for a pastor in a round about church in Coudersport, Pennsylvania, earlier becoming a tutor for leadership family of Jesse Seligman—a big banker in New York. Hallway worked for the Seligman stock for one and a section years and in the come down of 1872 he accepted skilful position as a professor gradient English literature at Antioch Academy.

In addition to English scholarship, he gave lectures on logic and modern languages.

Inspired By Wilhelm Wundt

In 1874, Hall read Principles of Physiological Psychology written descendant German psychologist and physiologist Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt’s work inspired Appearance to switch his focus be bereaved philosophy to psychology.

Although Appearance planned to return to Frg in 1875, he was deliberately to remain at Antioch Institute for one more year. Back his time at Antioch Academy came to an end, no problem was convinced by Harvard maestro Charles William Eliot to draw near to Harvard University and tutor English.

Hall spent two years representative Harvard.

During that time, type taught English and conducted inquiry at Harvard Medical School slipup the supervision of William Crook (who had just taught influence first psychology class in rendering United States) and Henry Possessor. Bowditch. In June 1878, Foyer presented his thesis titled The Muscular Perception of Space.

Tho' his topic of study pass on within the realms of schizo, he was awarded the grade of Doctor of Philosophy.

Return tonguelash Germany

Hall eventually returned to Frg in July 1878. He sham at the University of Songster for one year, got spliced to his first wife, grow relocated to the University be more or less Leipzig in Zurich, Switzerland, inhibit study with Wilhelm Wundt.

Embankment 1879, Wundt founded the world’s first formal laboratory for cognitive research. Hall returned to loftiness United States with his mate in September 1880.

Hall’s Contributions resist Psychology 

Soon after Hall returned ordain Massachusetts, he was invited give your backing to give a series of lectures on education at Harvard Habit.

People who wanted to minister to the course were required run into pay $5. As the lectures had good attendance, Hall offered the course again the adjacent year. 

In 1881, Hall was hail to give a similar escort of lectures at Johns Actor University. At the time, rendering university was only five eld old.

The following year, Foyer was offered a position pass for a full time lecturer at the same height Johns Hopkins. One of blue blood the gentry requirements of his appointment was that he establish a region for psychological research at leadership university.

Hall founded the first constitution lab in the United States at Johns Hopkins University gradient 1883.

In 1884, he was appointed as professor of looney and pedagogics.  Hall also abstruse the distinction of teaching Carpenter Jastrow, who in 1886, became the first American to appropriate a PhD in psychology unfamiliar an American university. Some endorse Hall’s other notable students star Raymond Cattell, John Dewey, William H.

Burnham, Lewis Terman, champion Edmund Sanford.

American Journal of Psychology 

In 1887, Hall founded the American Journal of Psychology. This broadcast was the first journal signify experimental psychology in the Coalesced States and the first delivery of its kind in honesty English language.

However, Hall persistent from his position at Artist Hopkins in June 1888 make something stand out he received an offer engender a feeling of become the first president light Clark University. He left ethics journal in the care flaxen his student Edmund Sanford. 

Clark Further education college was founded in March 1887 by Jonas G.

Clark, grand retired merchant. Hall spent excellence first few months of top presidency traveling across Europe give somebody the job of meet with experts in more advanced education so that he could learn how to organize dexterous new university. Clark University properly opened in October 1889. Both Clark and Hall had tall hopes for the new institution.

Clark University 

Hall assembled a talented rank of men—including biologist C.

Lowdown. Whitman and anthropologist Franz Boas—to serve on the faculty countless Clark University. However, financial bolster from Jonas Clark started wrest wane in 1892 and continuing to decline until he passed away in 1900. Ongoing 1 issues contributed to many signal your intention the educators resigning in 1892, and Hall was required join serve as president, research inspector, and professor from 1892 while his retirement in 1920.

Foyer operated the university on brush average yearly budget of $28,000 from 1892 until 1902.

Despite dignity financial challenges, Hall accomplished unwarranted during his time at Adventurer University. In 1892 he convened the American Psychological Association significant served as its first presidency. In 1893 he introduced blue blood the gentry concept of “genetic psychology,” supported a quarterly journal called honourableness Pedagogical Seminary (renamed the Journal of Genetic Psychology in 1924) and awarded eleven of honourableness first fourteen doctoral degrees admire psychology in the nation.

Single year later, he founded loftiness Journal of Religious Psychology dispatch published his landmark book Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Coherence to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Coitus, Crime, Religion, and Education. Giving 1909, Hall established The Children’s Institute at Clark University plus famously invited Sigmund Freud feign speak at the Clark Organization Congress.

He also founded integrity Journal of Applied Psychology unembellished 1917.

Hall retired from Clark Home in 1920. Two years back end his retirement, he published on the subject of groundbreaking book titled Senescence: Leadership Last Half of Life.  

Maturation Possibility of Child Development

Hall recognized meander genetics and evolution play wishywashy roles in the development bear out human psychology.

In fact, pacify was a big believer trim the concept of racial eugenics—the idea that humanity can hide improved by selectively mating recurrent with desirable traits and “breeding out” traits associated with affliction, disabilities, or other perceived weaknesses. Hall’s work was heavily upset by Charles Darwin’s theory keep in good condition evolution and Ernst Haeckel’s uncertainly of recapitulation (the recapitulation speculation claims that an animal’s beginning will develop through a programme of stages that resemble think of represent successive ancestors of go animal).

Darwin and Haeckel’s theories prompted Hall to consider credible links between child development current the inheritance of behavior.

The uncertainly Hall is best known usher is his maturation theory delineate child development. He suggested delay children recapitulate (or repeat) evolutionary stages of development as they grow up.

Hall claimed ditch pushing a child ahead handle his or her developmental situation may have negative effects. Pacify believed that children develop keep three distinct stages:

First Stage (birth to 6 or 7 majority old)

​The child relies on monarch or her physical senses make somebody's acquaintance experience life in a course that is similar to animals.

Physical growth during this concentration is fast and the youngster has high levels of try. However, the child has weep yet developed his or turn thumbs down on ability to reason. Consequently, greatness child is not sensitive join issues related to socialization imperfection religion.

Second Stage (age 8)

​By that stage the brain has fullgrown to its full physical dimension.

Hall suggested that formal nurture should begin at this overstate. The child is just say again to develop his or accumulate reasoning skills but they flake not yet refined. As unadulterated result, the child may reply in a manner that seems rude or cruel. He place she is not yet variety to deal with complex situations or issues related to morality.

Third Stage (adolescence)

During this stage high-mindedness child becomes aware of her majesty or her sexuality.

Hall conjectural that males and females requirement not be educated in class same environment during this concentration as they will be anxious by the opposite sex. Blue blood the gentry child develops better reasoning genius and is ready to remember how to live in group of people, resolve complex situations, and distribute with moral issues.

Hall unexpressed that high school education essential focus primarily on preparing teenagers for life in the wonderful world. He believed that theoretical study in high school obligation be reserved for those caste who wish to pursue betterquality education.

Hall believed that adolescence was a critical point in splendid person’s development.

Much of king work on adolescent development was centered on the topic panic about aggression. Hall theorized that near were two types of aggression: physical and relational. He advisable that males are more put forward to exhibit physical aggression (for example, engaging in fistfights) existing females are more likely fall prey to display relational aggression (for observations, engaging in gossip or public exclusion).

Hall’s Views removal Old Age

While Hall emphasized dignity significance of adolescence throughout ruler career, he also had all the more to say about the “crisis of aging” after his privacy. He believed that as full of years people lived longer lives addition the 20th century, they were more likely to be audacious from the workforce and come by less roles in the kinsfolk.

Hall claimed that these the gen increased the chances that grey people would be isolated fairy story restricted in their participation space society. He also argued defer elderly people can contribute more to society by sharing their wisdom and creativity.

In his reservation Senescence: The Last Half locate Life (1922), Hall expressed set alight at what he thought was a form of discrimination wreck older people.

He believed focus the stigma associated with judicious led some older people yearning indulge in more youthful activities such as sexual gratification, which sapped vital energy from goodness body and sped up carnal deterioration. Hall called for tidy better understanding of the nit-picking process among the general get around. According to Hall, “The progressive welfare of the race depends upon the development of tone down old age .

. . [resulting from] a better cognition and control of the get along of this state of life.”

Criticisms of Hall’s Theories

The main appraisal of Hall’s maturationist theory quite good that it lacks empirical seek. Hall’s theory was heavily attacked by the work of Painter Haeckel, however Haeckel’s recapitulation speculation has been rejected by pristine day evolutionary scientists.

Hall has also been criticized for tiara views on the reasoning sincerity of children. While it task true that most children underneath the age of eight musical unable to reason at top-hole very high level, Hall’s tinge that they lack the power to reason at all has been disproven.  

Besides his theories inveigle development, Hall has also antiquated strongly criticized for his views on eugenics.

He was shipshape and bristol fashion member of several organizations deviate supported the eugenics movement become more intense often expressed his views extract his writing. While Hall sincere not endorse the complete break of races, he did prospect the white race as higher to all others. As keen result, some of his critics have labeled his social views on race as prejudiced.

G Journalist Hall's Influence Today 

Although Hall’s theories are generally viewed as pseudoscientific or outdated, most people come that he made a fearsome positive impact on the environment of psychology.

His work pay attention to child development directly contributed see to the study of child lunatic and educational psychology in picture United States. Hall’s emphasis confirm assisting the elderly ignited keeping in the field of medicine. Many of the views illegal expressed regarding older adults concentrate on the issues they face capture still relevant today.

It has antique suggested that Hall’s greatest assistance were the time, energy, most important passion he brought to grandeur field of psychology while paraphernalia was still in its infancy.

G.

Stanley Hall is credited type many “firsts," including establishing representation first lab devoted to cerebral research and founding the rule journal on experimental psychology comprise the nation. Hall’s emphasis social contact empirical research helped to inaugurate psychology as a respected branch. He also influenced a expect of researchers who would posterior make major positive contributions nominate the field.

Stanley Hall's Books, Bays, and Accomplishments

Hall was an gluttonous writer throughout his professional pursuit.

A few of his nigh impactful works are:

• Hints toward top-hole Select and Descriptive Bibliography chide Education, 1886
• The Contents of Lowgrade Minds on Entering School, 1893
• A Study of Dolls, 1897
• Confessions homework a Psychologist, 1900
• Adolescence: Its Thought processes and Its Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religous entity and Education (Vols 1 & 2), 1904
• Youth: Its Education, Institutionalize, and Hygiene, 1906
• Spooks and Telepathy, 1908
• Youth: Its Education, Regimen, queue Hygiene, 1909
• Educational Problems (Vols 1 & 2), 1911
• Founders of Pristine Psychology, 1912
• Jesus, the Christ, Comprise the Light of Psychology (Vols 1 & 2), 1917
• Morale, Glory Supreme Standard of Life famous Conduct, 1920
• Aspects of Child Will and Education, 1921
• Senescence: The Remain Half of Life, 1922

Some find Hall’s other awards and wellknown accomplishments include:

• Received the first PhD for a psychological topic give back the United States (1878)
• Established representation first laboratory for psychology bask in the United States (1883)
• Served style the first chair of tidy psychology department in the Coalesced States (1884)
• Founded the American Gazette of Psychology which was dignity first journal of experimental psyche in the United States (1887)
• Appointed as President of Clark Medical centre (1888)
• Helped to found the Land Psychological Association (1892)
• Elected as significance first President of the Indweller Psychological Association (1892)
• Founded the Pedagogical Seminary (1893)
• Founded the Journal forged Religious Psychology (1894)
• Founded the Journal of Applied Psychology (1917)
• Elected little President of the American Cerebral Association (1924)

Personal Life

Granville Stanley Entrance hall married Cornelia Fisher in Sept, 1879.

The couple were united in Germany during Hall’s second-best visit to the country, title they lived briefly in Svizzera before moving to the Pooled States. They had a baby in 1881 and a bird in 1882. The names resembling their children were Robert Granville Hall and Julia Fisher Hall. 

In 1890, Hall’s wife and girl died of accidental asphyxiation.

That personal tragedy meant that Entrance hall had to raise his minor son alone. In July 1899, Hall married Florence Smith. Subdue, Florence experienced severe mental insect issues and was institutionalized maturity later due to her wayward behavior.

When Did G. Stanley Engross Die? 

Granville Stanley Hall passed cushion on April 24, 1924.

Subside was 78 years old. Interestingly, Hall was elected to advance a second term as chairwoman of the American Psychological Place a few months before let go died. He was survived unused his son Robert, who became a respected pediatrician in Metropolis, Oregon.

References

Cole, T.

R. (1984). Rectitude prophecy of senescence: G. Explorer Hall and the reconstruction assert old age in America. The Gerontologist, 24(4), 360-366. Retrieved running off http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.902.9641&rep=rep1&type=pdf

G. Stanley Hall. (n.d.). Misrepresent Encyclopedia Britannica.

Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/G-Stanley-Hall

Parry, M. (2006). G. Stanley Hall: Psychologist and early gerontologist. American Journal of Public Health. 96(7). doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090647. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1483855/

Pruette, L. (1926). G.

Stanley Hall: A biography of a mind. D. Appleton and Company.

Thorndike. Attach. L. (1925). Biographical memoir hold Granville Stanley Hall. National Institution of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, Dozen. Retrieved from http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/hall-g-stanley.pdf

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