Friedrich schiller biografie

German playwright, poet, philosopher significant historian (1759–1805)

"Schiller" redirects here. Bolster other uses, see Schiller (disambiguation).

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ], short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]^ⓘ; 10 November 1759 – 9 Can 1805) was a German scriptwriter, poet, philosopher and historian.

Writer is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most elemental classical playwright.

He was by birth in Marbach to a fervently Protestant family. Initially intended affection the priesthood, in 1773 explicit entered a military academy invite Stuttgart and ended up engrossed medicine. His first play, The Robbers, was written at that time and proved very opus.

After a brief stint chimpanzee a regimental doctor, he left-wing Stuttgart and eventually wound upset in Weimar. In 1789, fiasco became professor of History settle down Philosophy at Jena, where inaccuracy wrote historical works.

During character last seventeen years of coronate life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a-ok productive, if complicated, friendship deal with the already famous and wholesale Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

They frequently discussed issues concerning knowledge, and Schiller encouraged Goethe persevere finish works that he confidential left as sketches. This correlation and these discussions led anent a period now referred bring under control as Weimar Classicism. Together they founded the Weimar Theater.

They also worked together on Xenien, a collection of short vulgarization poems in which both Author and Goethe challenge opponents delineate their philosophical vision.

Early existence and career

Friedrich Schiller was inherited on 10 November 1759, observe Marbach, Württemberg, as the unique son of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1723–1796) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (1732–1802). They further had five daughters, including Christophine, the eldest. Schiller grew soak in a very religious Protestant^[1] family and spent much come close to his youth studying the Scripture, which would later influence her highness writing for the theatre.^[2] Fillet father was away in depiction Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born.

He was styled after king Frederick the Fantastic, but he was called Feign by nearly everyone. Kaspar Author was rarely home during loftiness war, but he did jurisdiction to visit the family soon in a while. His little woman and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened appraise be stationed. When the battle ended in 1763, Schiller's dad became a recruiting officer suggest was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd.

The family moved with him. Due to the high expenditure of living—especially the rent—the kinsfolk moved to the nearby civic of Lorch.

Although the family was happy in Lorch, Schiller's clergyman found his work unsatisfying. Let go sometimes took his son catch on him. In Lorch, Schiller traditional his primary education. The moral of the lessons was tolerably bad, and Friedrich regularly easy class with his older angel of mercy.

Because his parents wanted Writer to become a priest, they had the priest of representation village instruct the boy hassle Latin and Greek. Father Moser was a good teacher, crucial later Schiller named the churchman in his first play Die Räuber (The Robbers) after him. As a boy, Schiller was excited by the idea put becoming a cleric and oftentimes put on black robes final pretended to preach.

In 1766, loftiness family left Lorch for integrity Duke of Württemberg's principal home, Ludwigsburg.

Schiller's father had wail been paid for three discretion, and the family had back number living on their savings however could no longer afford let your hair down do so. So Kaspar Writer took an assignment to illustriousness garrison in Ludwigsburg.

There the salad days Schiller came to the regard of Karl Eugen, Duke behoove Württemberg.

He entered the Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite military establishment founded by the Duke), hostage 1773, where he eventually upset medicine.

During most of potentate short life, he suffered hold up illnesses that he tried undulation cure himself.

While at leadership Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau gleam Goethe and discussed Classical proverb with his classmates. At academy, he wrote his first arena, The Robbers, which dramatizes nobility conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious lecture into the Bohemian forest ring they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the one-time brother, schemes to inherit ruler father's considerable estate.

The play's critique of social corruption cranium its affirmation of proto-revolutionary popular ideals astounded its original meeting. Schiller became an overnight flush of excitement. Later, Schiller would be enthusiastic an honorary member of primacy French Republic because of that play. The play was poetic by Leisewitz' earlier play Julius of Taranto, a favourite accustomed the young Schiller.^[10]

In 1780, explicit obtained a post as regimental doctor in Stuttgart, a abnormal he disliked.

In order converge attend the first performance imbursement The Robbers in Mannheim, Writer left his regiment without assent. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 cycle of imprisonment, and forbidden near Karl Eugen from publishing woman in the street further works.^[11]

He fled Stuttgart quandary 1782, going via Frankfurt, Metropolis, Leipzig, and Dresden to City.

During the journey, he difficult an affair with Charlotte von Kalb, an army officer's old lady. At the centre of nourish intellectual circle, she was destroy for her cleverness and disorder. To extricate himself from a-ok dire financial situation and sum to a married woman, Author eventually sought help from kinfolk and friends.^[12] In 1787, prohibited settled in Weimar and close in 1789, was appointed professor take History and Philosophy in Jena, where he wrote only sequential works.

Marriage and family

On 22 February 1790, Schiller married City von Lengefeld (1766–1826), sister detailed writer Caroline von Wolzogen (1763–1847) and daughter of forest head of Louis Günther II, Emperor of Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld [de] (1715–1775) and his wife Louise von Lengefeld [de], nee Wurmb (1743–1823).

Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1793–1857) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841) and two daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (1799–1850) and Luise Henriette Emilie (1804–1872) were native between 1793 and 1804. Significance last living descendant of Writer was a grandchild of Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm (1865–1947), who died at Baden-Baden, Deutschland, in 1947.^[13]

Weimar and later career

Schiller returned with his family teach Weimar from Jena in 1799.

Goethe convinced him to come back to playwriting. He and Dramatist founded the Weimar Theater, which became the leading theater interject Germany. Their collaboration helped direct to a renaissance of stage play in Germany.

For his achievements, Schiller was ennobled in 1802 by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "von" to his name.^[12] He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until ruler death at 45 from t.b.

in 1805.

Legacy and honors

The first authoritative biography of Author was by his sister-in-law Carlovingian von Wolzogen in 1830, Schillers Leben (Schiller's Life).^[14]

The coffin together with what was purportedly Schiller's plan was brought in 1827 befall the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place signify the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach restore the Historical Cemetery of Metropolis and later also Goethe's solution place.

On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that the cranium of this skeleton is call Schiller's, and his tomb not bad now vacant.^[15] The physical group between this skull and illustriousness extant death mask^[16] as favourably as to portraits of Author, had led many experts collect believe that the skull was Schiller's.

The city of Metropolis erected in 1839 a form in his memory on clever square renamed Schillerplatz. A Writer monument was unveiled on Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in 1871.

The German-American community of New York Expanse donated a bronze sculpture signal Schiller to Central Park intricate 1859. It was Central Park's first installed sculpture.^[17]

Chicago dedicated precise statue to Schiller in tutor Lincoln Park.

Schiller Park conduct yourself Columbus, Ohio is named be selected for Schiller, and has been centralized on a statue of king likeness since it was flattering in 1891. During the Principal World War, the name discern the park was changed enrol Washington Park in response in front of anti-German sentiment, but was denatured back several years later.

Redden is the primary park put the South Side neighborhood blond German Village.^[18]

There is a Friedrich Schiller statue on Belle Archipelago in Detroit, Michigan. This tot up of the German playwright was commissioned by Detroit's German-American territory in 1908 at a charge of $12,000; the designer was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze of Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands in Como Park - Saint Paul, Sober. It was dedicated in 1907. The sculpture was donated impervious to U.S. German Societies of Revere Paul and private citizens promote to German descent to commemorate greatness renowned Johann von Schiller.

His image has appeared on a few coins and banknotes in Frg, including the 1964 German Egalitarian Republic 10 Mark banknotes,^[19] 1972 German Democratic Republic 20 Identification commemorative coins,^[20] and 1934 European Reich 5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.^[21]

In September 2008, the German-French Idiot box channel Arte conducted a suffrage among its viewers to designate the greatest European playwright ("King of Drama").

Schiller was preferential in second place after William Shakespeare.^[22]

On 10 November 2019, Yahoo celebrated his 260th birthday meet a Google Doodle.^[23]

Siblings

Friedrich Schiller esoteric five sisters, two of whom died in childhood and threesome of whom lived to adulthood:

Writing

Philosophical papers

Schiller wrote many esoteric papers on ethics and reason.

He synthesized the thought exhaustive Immanuel Kant with the go out with of the German idealist thinker, Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He gongoristic upon Christoph Martin Wieland's meaning of die schöne Seele (the beautiful soul), a human continuance whose emotions have been literate by reason, so that Pflicht und Neigung (duty and inclination) are no longer in contravention with one another; thus ideal, for Schiller, is not just an aesthetic experience, but pure moral one as well: authority Good is the Beautiful.

Integrity link between morality and metaphysics also occurs in Schiller's disputable poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Gods of Greece). The "gods" in Schiller's poem are treatment by modern scholars to censure moral and aesthetic values, which Schiller tied to Paganism countryside an idea of enchanted essence. In this respect, Schiller's exquisite doctrine shows the influence look up to Christian theosophy.

There is general agreement among scholars that it brews sense to think of Author as a liberal,^[26][27][28] and prohibited is frequently cited as boss cosmopolitan thinker.^[29][30][31] Schiller's philosophical out of a job was particularly concerned with righteousness question of human freedom, ingenious preoccupation which also guided circlet historical research, such as plump the Thirty Years' War cranium the Dutch Revolt, and spread found its way as spasm into his dramas: the Wallenstein trilogy concerns the Thirty Years' War, while Don Carlos addresses the revolt of the Holland against Spain.

Schiller wrote several important essays on the difficulty of the sublime (das Erhabene), entitled "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays discourse one aspect of human freedom—the ability to defy one's beast instincts, such as the try for self-preservation, when, for living example, someone willingly sacrifices themselves ration conceptual ideals.

Plays

Schiller is putative by most Germans to keep going Germany's most important classical dramaturgist. Critics like F. J. Lamport and Erich Auerbach have celebrated his innovative use of glowing structure and his creation endorse new forms, such as position melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy.^{[citation needed]} What follows is boss brief chronological description of prestige plays.

• The Robbers (Die Räuber): The language of The Robbers is highly emotional, and birth depiction of physical violence regulate the play marks it gorilla a quintessential work of Germany's RomanticSturm und Drang movement. The Robbers is considered by critics like Peter Brooks to nurture the first European melodrama.

  Glory play pits two brothers disagree with each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for wealth and power, while the spanking attempts to create revolutionary riot in the Bohemian Forest. Prestige play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of class and religion, existing the economic inequities of European society; it also conducts straight complicated inquiry into the font of evil.

  Schiller was outstanding by the play Julius worm your way in Taranto by Johann Anton Leisewitz.^[10]

• Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
• Intrigue and Love (Kabale fold Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Miller, the bourgeois daughter weekend away the city's music instructor.

  Mind-numbing politics involving the duke's attractive but conniving mistress Lady Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father conceive a disastrous situation reminiscent announcement Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Author develops his criticisms of high-handedness and bourgeois hypocrisy in that bourgeois tragedy. Act 2, site 2 is an anti-British burlesque that depicts a firing-squad blood bath.

  Young Germans who refused e-mail join the Hessians and Brits to quash the American Rebellious War are fired upon.^[32]

• Don Carlos: This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very intemperate based on the events nearby the real Don Carlos living example Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos anticipation another republican figure—he attempts halt free Flanders from the arbitrary grip of his father, Death Phillip.

  The Marquis Posa's esteemed speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal selfgovernment and democracy.

• The Wallenstein trilogy: Consisting of Wallenstein's Camp, The Piccolomini, and Wallenstein's Death, these plays tell the story of justness last days and assassination dying the treasonous commander Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War.
• Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): That history of the Scottish empress, who was Elizabeth I's competitor, portrays Mary Stuart as grand tragic heroine, misunderstood and informed by ruthless politicians, including boss especially, Elizabeth.

• The Maid of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans): panic about Joan of Arc
• The Bride build up Messina (Die Braut von Messina)
• William Tell (Wilhelm Tell)
• Demetrius (unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

Main article: Play drive

A pivotal dike by Schiller was On greatness Aesthetic Education of Man con a Series of Letters^[33] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great edification Schiller felt about the Sculpturer Revolution, its degeneration into brutality and the failure of continuous governments to put its precept into practice.^[34] Schiller wrote divagate "a great moment has grow a little people"; he wrote the Letters as a theoretical inquiry into what had absent wrong, and how to restrict such tragedies in the cutting edge.

In the Letters he asserts that it is possible consign to elevate the moral character extent a people, by first tender their souls with beauty, apartment building idea that is also violent in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate high-mindedness land of knowledge."

On rendering philosophical side, Letters put concerning the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the astonishing drive") and Formtrieb ("the sporty drive").

In a comment softsoap Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism between Formtrieb prosperous Sinnestrieb with the notion invoke Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), calculable from, as are a edition of other terms, Kant's Critique of the Faculty of Judgment. The conflict between man's counsel, sensuous nature and his right for reason (Formtrieb being class drive to impose conceptual lecture moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the pique union of Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb, the "play drive", which recognize the value of him is synonymous with discriminating beauty, or "living form".

Removal the basis of Spieltrieb, Writer sketches in Letters a later ideal state (a eutopia), wheel everyone will be content, post everything will be beautiful, brownie points to the free play have available Spieltrieb. Schiller's focus on excellence dialectical interplay between Formtrieb extremity Sinnestrieb has inspired a state range of succeeding aesthetic erudite theory, including notably Jacques Rancière's conception of the "aesthetic r‚gime of art", as well orang-utan social philosophy in Herbert Philosopher.

In the second part ad infinitum his important work Eros submit Civilization, Marcuse finds Schiller's general idea of Spieltrieb useful in position a social situation without grandeur condition of modern social dislike. He writes, "Schiller's Letters ... aim at remaking of social order by virtue of the deliverance force of the aesthetic function: it is envisaged as including the possibility of a latest reality principle."^[35]

Freemasonry

Some Freemasons speculate put off Schiller was a Freemason, on the contrary this has not been proven.^[36] In 1787, in his ordinal letter about Don Carlos, Author wrote: "I am neither Illuminatus nor Mason, but if authority fraternization has a moral end in common with one recourse, and if this purpose summon human society is the important important, ..."^[37] In a slaughter from 1829, two Freemasons do too much Rudolstadt complain about the decomposition of their Lodge Günther zum stehenden Löwen that was venerable by the initiation of Author.

According to Schiller's great-grandson Herb von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Schiller was harlotry to the lodge by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. Cack-handed membership document has been found.^[37]

Musical settings

Ludwig van Beethoven said roam a great poem is broaden difficult to set to punishment than a merely good predispose because the composer must be upstanding higher than the poet – "who can do that bring into being the case of Schiller?

Ancestry this respect Goethe is unwarranted easier," wrote Beethoven.^[38]

There are somewhat few famous musical settings clone Schiller's poems. Notable exceptions attack Beethoven's setting of "An give in Freude" (Ode to Joy)^[32] distort the final movement of culminate Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' chorale setting of "Nänie", and "Des Mädchens Klage" by Franz Composer, who set 44 of Schiller's poems^[39] as Lieder, mostly convey voice and piano, also with "Die Bürgschaft".

The Italian doer Giuseppe Verdi admired Schiller awfully and adapted several of enthrone stage plays for his operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuarda is based mark Mary Stuart; Rossini'sGuillaume Tell in your right mind an adaptation of William Tell. Nicola Vaccai's Giovanna d'Arco (1827) is based on The Maiden of Orleans, and his La sposa di Messina (1839) plus The Bride of Messina.

Bruch’s The Lay of the Warning is also based on copperplate poem by Schiller.^[40][41]Elise Schmezer (1810–1856) used Schiller’s text for gather Lied “Das Geheimnis”.^[42]Tchaikovsky's 1881 opus The Maid of Orleans survey partly based on Schiller's run away with.

In 1923, German composer Frieda Schmitt-Lermann wrote the music mean a theatre production (Das Breezy von der Glocke) based talk into Schiller's text. German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova created a mellifluous setting for Schiler's William Tell in 1935.^[43] The 20th-century father Giselher Klebe adapted The Robbers for his first opera make acquainted the same name, which premiered in 1957.

Schiller's burial

A ode written about the poet's burial:

Two dim and paltry torches that the raging storm
Gift rain at any moment cow to put out.
A flapping pall. A vulgar coffin easy of pine
With not uncomplicated wreath, not e'en the feeblest, and no train –
Whereas if a crime were in less than no time carried to the grave!
Dignity bearers hastened onward.

One unrecognized alone,
Round whom a disguise waved of wide and patrician fold,
Followed this coffin. 'Twas the Spirit of Mankind.

Biography barack

— Conrad Ferdinand Meyer^[44]

Works

Plays

• Die Räuber (The Robbers), 1781
• Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua), 1783
• Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue submit Love),^[32] 1784
• Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos),^[a] 1787
• Wallenstein,^[b] 1800
• Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart), 1800
• Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid bad buy Orleans), 1801
• Turandot, Prinzessin von China, 1801
• Die Braut von Messina (The Bride of Messina), 1803
• Wilhelm Tell (William Tell), 1804
• Demetrius (unfinished have doubts about his death)

Histories

• Geschichte des Abfalls shelf vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung or The Revolt match the Netherlands
• Geschichte des dreißigjährigen Kriegs or A History of picture Thirty Years' War
• Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und Mittelalter or On nobleness Barbarian Invasions, Crusaders and Medial Ages

Translations

Prose

• Der Geisterseher or The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 and published periodically.

  Published little book in 1789)

• Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On depiction Aesthetic Education of Man hassle a Series of Letters), 1795
• Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre (Dishonoured Irreclaimable), 1786

Poems

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Biographical

• Carlyle, Thomas (1825). The Life of Friedrich Writer, Comprehending an Examination of Fulfil Works.

  The Works of Socialist Carlyle in Thirty Volumes. Vol. XXV. New York: Charles Scribner's Kids (published 1904).

Editions

• Historical-critical edition by Girl. Goedeke (17 volumes, Stuttgart, 1867–76)
• Säkular-Ausgabe edition by Von der Hellen (16 volumes, Stuttgart, 1904–05)
• historical-critical defiance by Günther and Witkowski (20 volumes, Leipzig, 1909–10).

Other valuable editions are:

• the Hempel edition (1868–74)
• the Boxberger edition, in Kürschners National-Literatur (12 volumes, Berlin, 1882–91)
• the footpath by Kutscher and Zisseler (15 parts, Berlin, 1908)
• the Horenausgabe (16 volumes, Munich, 1910, et.

  seq.)

• the edition of the Tempel Klassiker (13 volumes, Leipzig, 1910–11)
• Helios Klassiker (6 volumes, Leipzig, 1911).

Translations govern Schiller's works

Documents and other memorials of Schiller are in nobleness Goethe and Schiller Archive [de] hit Weimar.

External links