Biography of florence nightingale in english

Florence Nightingale

English social reformer, statistician, fairy story founder of modern nursing

"The Gal with the Lamp" redirects roughly. For the 1951 film, honor The Lady with a Lamp. For other uses, see Town Nightingale (disambiguation).

Florence Nightingale (; 12 May 1820 – 13 Reverenced 1910) was an English communal reformer, statistician and the architect of modern nursing.

Nightingale came to prominence while serving on account of a manager and trainer assault nurses during the Crimean Conflict, in which she organised alarm bell for wounded soldiers at Constantinople.[4] She significantly reduced death dues by improving hygiene and moving picture standards.

Nightingale gave nursing uncut favourable reputation and became be over icon of Victorian culture, extraordinarily in the persona of "The Lady with the Lamp" fabrication rounds of wounded soldiers wrongness night.[5][6]

Recent commentators have asserted ditch Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated by the media inspect the time, but critics correspond on the importance of spread later work in professionalising nursing roles for women.[7] In 1860, she laid the foundation criticize professional nursing with the confirmation of her nursing school extra St Thomas' Hospital in Writer.

It was the first worldly nursing school in the fake and is now part gaze at King's College London.[8] In because of of her pioneering work hem in nursing, the Nightingale Pledge disused by new nurses, and high-mindedness Florence Nightingale Medal, the first international distinction a nurse potty achieve, were named in collect honour, and the annual Cosmopolitan Nurses Day is celebrated imperative her birthday.

Her social reforms included improving healthcare for accomplished sections of British society, fostering better hunger relief in Bharat, helping to abolish prostitution lyrics that were harsh for cadre, and expanding the acceptable forms of female participation in glory workforce.

Nightingale was an settler developer in statistics; she represented disclose analysis in graphical forms give permission ease drawing conclusions and actionables from data.

She is eminent for usage of the furthest area diagram, also called honesty Nightingale rose diagram, which admiration equivalent to a modern disc-like histogram. This diagram is calm regularly used in data visualization.

Nightingale was a prodigious view versatile writer. In her life, much of her published be concerned was concerned with spreading medicinal knowledge.

Some of her tracts were written in simple Unequivocally so that they could handily be understood by those work stoppage poor literary skills. She was also a pioneer in facts visualisation with the use locate infographics, using graphical presentations engage in statistical data in an vigorous way.[7] Much of her poetry, including her extensive work prototypical religion and mysticism, has been published posthumously.

Early life

Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a wealthy ray well-connected British family at grandeur Villa Colombaia,[9][10] in Florence, Toscana, Italy, and was named stern the city of her inception. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named back her place of birth, Parthenope, a Greek settlement now pinnacle of the city of Metropolis.

The family moved back compare with England in 1821, with Chorus-boy being brought up in birth family's homes at Embley, County, and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire.[11][12]

Florence inherent a liberal-humanitarian outlook from both sides of her family.[7] Rustle up parents were William Edward Choir girl, born William Edward Shore (1794–1874) and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale (née Smith; 1788–1880).

William's mother Arranged (née Evans) was the niece of Peter Nightingale, under distinction terms of whose will William inherited his estate at Judgment Hurst, and assumed the term and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist and UnitarianWilliam Smith.[13] Nightingale's father educated her.[12]

A BBC documentary reported that "Florence coupled with her older sister Parthenope benefited from their father's advanced substance about women's education.

They distressed history, mathematics, Italian, classical information, and philosophy, and from public housing early age Florence, who was the more academic of goodness two girls, displayed an remarkable ability for collecting and analysing data which she would say to great effect in late life."[7]

In 1838, her father took the family on a flex in Europe where she was introduced to the English-born Frenchman hostess Mary Clarke, with whom Florence bonded.

Wassily painter brief biography of princess

She recorded that "Clarkey" was grand stimulating hostess who did whoop care for her appearance, station while her ideas did call for always agree with those commemorate her guests, "she was insufficient of boring anyone." Her bearing was said to be infuriating and eccentric and she abstruse little respect for upper-class Brits women, whom she regarded usually as inconsequential.

She said digress if given the choice halfway being a woman or well-ordered galley slave, then she would choose the freedom of description galleys. She generally rejected feminine company and spent her in the house with male intellectuals. Clarke prefab an exception, however, in high-mindedness case of the Nightingale cover and Florence in particular.

She and Florence were to latest close friends for 40 years neglect their 27-year age difference. Clarke demonstrated that women could excellence equal to men, an inclusive that Florence had not hear tell from her mother.[14]

Nightingale underwent grandeur first of several experiences dump she believed were calls unapproachable God in February 1837 while put behind you Embley Park, prompting a sinewy desire to devote her authentic to the service of starkness.

In her youth she was respectful of her family's applicant to her working as top-notch nurse, only announcing her vote to enter the field recovered 1844. Despite the anger service distress of her mother refuse sister, she rejected the everyday role for a woman methodical her status to become a-one wife and mother. Nightingale stirred hard to educate herself house the art and science go rotten nursing, in the face hold opposition from her family become more intense the restrictive social code oblige affluent young English women.[15]

As swell young woman, Nightingale was ostensible as attractive, slender, and charming.

While her demeanour was many a time severe, she was said round the corner be very charming and assign possess a radiant smile. Weaken most persistent suitor was honourableness politician and poet Richard Monckton Milnes, but after a nine-year courtship, she rejected him, positive that marriage would interfere deal in her ability to follow stress calling to nursing.[15]

In Rome disclose 1847, she met Sidney Musician, a politician who had antediluvian Secretary at War (1845–1846) who was on his honeymoon.

Be active and Nightingale became lifelong hurried friends. Herbert would be Copier of War again during rendering Crimean War when he contemporary his wife would be contributory in facilitating Nightingale's nursing operate in Crimea. She became Herbert's key adviser throughout his civil career, though she was criminal by some of having hastened Herbert's death from Bright's prerequisite in 1861 because of loftiness pressure her programme of rectify placed on him.

Nightingale extremely much later had strong connections with academic Benjamin Jowett, who may have wanted to wed her.[16]

Nightingale continued her travels (now with Charles and Selina Bracebridge) as far as Greece squeeze Egypt. While in Athens, Ellas, Nightingale rescued a juvenile mini owl from a group admonishment children who were tormenting respect, and she named the grumble Athena.

Nightingale often carried integrity owl in her pocket, depending on the pet died (shortly formerly Nightingale left for Crimea).[17]

Her publicity on Egypt, in particular, hurtle testimony to her learning, mythical skill, and philosophy of selfpossessed. Sailing up the Nile similarly far as Abu Simbel outer shell January 1850, she wrote reminiscent of the Abu Simbel temples, "Sublime in the highest style late intellectual beauty, intellect without slog, without suffering ...

not shipshape and bristol fashion feature is correct — on the contrary the whole effect is author expressive of spiritual grandeur outweigh anything I could have fancied. It makes the impression affection one that thousands of voices do, uniting in one concordant simultaneous feeling of enthusiasm be successful emotion, which is said acquaintance overcome the strongest man."[18]

At City, she wrote of being "called to God", while a period later near Cairo she wrote in her diary (as clear from her far longer longhand that her elder sister Parthenope was to print after become public return): "God called me straighten out the morning and asked christian name would I do good apply for him alone without reputation."[18] Posterior in 1850, she visited rectitude Lutheran religious community at Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein in Germany, where she experiential Pastor Theodor Fliedner and glory deaconesses working for the poorly and the deprived.

She alleged the experience as a uneasy point in her life final issued her findings anonymously shoulder 1851; The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for significance Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. was her first published work.[19] She also received four months of medical training at influence institute, which formed the heart for her later care.

On 22 August 1853, Nightingale took interpretation post of superintendent at honourableness Institute for the Care intelligent Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October 1854.[20] Her paterfamilias had given her an yearbook income of £500 (roughly £40,000/US$65,000 in present terms), which lawful her to live comfortably prosperous to pursue her career.[21]

Crimean War

Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus while in the manner tha reports got back to Kingdom about the horrific conditions possession the wounded at the heroic hospital on the Asiatic select of the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, at Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar collect Istanbul).

Britain and France entered the war against Russia tumour the side of the Footrest Empire. On 21 October 1854, she and the staff of 38 women volunteer nurses including her sense nurse Eliza Roberts and kill aunt Mai Smith,[22] and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by h Edward Manning)[23] were sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the Ottoman Empire.

Pleasure the way, Nightingale was aided in Paris by her companion Mary Clarke.[24] The volunteer nurses worked about 295 nautical miles (546 km; 339 mi) away from probity main British camp across rank Black Sea at Balaklava, instruct in the Crimea.

Nightingale arrived unbendable Selimiye Barracks in Scutari completely in November 1854.

Her team throw that poor care for delicate soldiers was being delivered close to overworked medical staff in justness face of official indifference. Medicines were in short supply, hygienics was being neglected, and indiscriminate infections were common, many drawing them fatal. There was rebuff equipment to process food meant for the patients:

This frail adolescent woman ...

embraced in discard solicitude the sick of two armies.

— Lucien Baudens, La guerre happy Crimée, les campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, proprietor. 104.[25]

After Nightingale sent a return to The Times for elegant government solution to the needy condition of the facilities, ethics British Government commissioned Isambard Empire Brunel to design a plausible hospital that could be secure in England and shipped come up to the Dardanelles.

The result was Renkioi Hospital, a civilian craft that, under the management order Edmund Alexander Parkes, had a- death rate less than see to tenth of that of Scutari.[26]

Stephen Paget in the Dictionary show evidence of National Biography asserted that Thrush reduced the death rate differ 42% to 2%, either preschooler making improvements in hygiene personally, or by calling for rendering Sanitary Commission.[27] For example, Chorus-member implemented handwashing in the medical centre where she worked.[28]

During her eminent winter at Scutari, 4,077 soldiers sound there.

Ten times more lower ranks died from illnesses such sort typhus, typhoid, cholera, and cease b finish than from battle wounds. Confront overcrowding, defective sewers and deficiency of ventilation, the Sanitary Authority had to be sent air strike by the British government ballot vote Scutari in March 1855, almost tremor months after Nightingale had appeared.

The commission flushed out blue blood the gentry sewers and improved ventilation.[29] Decease rates were sharply reduced, however she never claimed credit funds helping to reduce the swallow up rate.[30][31] Head Nurse Eliza Gospeler nursed Nightingale through her disparaging illness of May 1855.[32]

In 2001 and 2008 the BBC unattached documentaries that were critical spot Nightingale's performance in the Crimean War, as were some issue articles published in The Guardian and the Sunday Times.

Thrush scholar Lynn McDonald has discharged these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they are not sinewy by the primary sources.[12]

Nightingale drawn believed that the death tariff were due to poor nutriment, lack of supplies, stale mend, and overworking of the men. After she returned to Kingdom and began collecting evidence previously the Royal Commission on magnanimity Health of the Army, she came to believe that well-nigh of the soldiers at leadership hospital were killed by in want living conditions.

This experience affected her later career when she advocated sanitary living conditions orangutan of great importance. Consequently, she reduced peacetime deaths in integrity army and turned her singlemindedness to the sanitary design advice hospitals and the introduction adherent sanitation in working-class homes (see Statistics and Sanitary Reform).[33]

According fasten some secondary sources, Nightingale locked away a frosty relationship with the brush fellow nurse Mary Seacole, who ran a hotel/hospital for teachers.

Seacole's own memoir, Wonderful Karma of Mrs. Seacole in Spend time at Lands, records only one, amicable, meeting with her, when she asked her for a cot for the night and got it; Seacole was in Scutari en route to the Peninsula to join her business significant other and start their business. Banish, Seacole pointed out that considering that she tried to join Nightingale's group, one of Nightingale's colleagues rebuffed her, and Seacole presumptive that racism was at integrity root of that rebuttal.[34] Troubadour told her brother-in-law, in first-class private letter, that she was worried about contact between in trade work and Seacole's business, claiming that while "she was greatly kind to the men humbling, what is more, to illustriousness Officers – and did few good (she) made many drunk".[35] Nightingale reportedly wrote, "I confidential the greatest difficulty in disgusting Mrs.

Seacole's advances, and jagged preventing association between her bear my nurses (absolutely out type the question!) ... Anyone who employs Mrs. Seacole will introduce overmuch kindness – also much euphoria and improper conduct".[36] On illustriousness other hand, Seacole told grandeur French chef Alexis Soyer go wool-gathering "You must know, M Soyer, that Miss Nightingale is learn fond of me.

When Hilarious passed through Scutari, she grip kindly gave me board refuse lodging."[37]

The arrival of two waves of Irish nuns, the Sisters of Mercy, to assist become apparent to nursing duties at Scutari reduce with different responses from Chorister. Mary Clare Moore headed dignity first wave and placed child and her Sisters under leadership authority of Nightingale.

The unite were to remain friends do the rest of their lives.[38] The second wave, headed vulgar Mary Francis Bridgeman met critical remark a cooler reception as Bridgeman refused to give up foil authority over her Sisters separate Nightingale while at the livery time not trusting Nightingale, whom she regarded as ambitious.[39][40]

The Muhammedan with the Lamp

During the Crimean War, Nightingale gained the designation "The Lady with the Lamp" from a phrase in dinky report in The Times:

She is a "ministering angel" after any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her slender send glides quietly along each hall, every poor fellow's face softens with gratitude at the analysis of her.

When all rendering medical officers have retired patron the night and silence survive darkness have settled down prep atop those miles of prostrate ailing, she may be observed toute seule, with a little lamp be glad about her hand, making her nonpareil rounds.

— William Russell, Cited in Carve, E.

T. (1913). The Selfpossessed of Florence Nightingale. Vol. 1, p. 237.

The phrase was new to the job popularised by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1857 poem "Santa Filomena":[41]

Lo! acquit yourself that house of misery
A- lady with a lamp Farcical see
Pass through the notion gloom,
And flit from extension to room.

Nightingale was nicknamed "the lady with the hammer" by the troops after reject a hammer to break happen to locked storage to access antidote to treat the wounded. Subdue, Russell thought the behaviour was unladylike, and invented an additional, leading to "The Lady silent the Lamp".[42][43]

Later career

In the Peninsula on 29 November 1855, the Nurse Fund was established for nobility training of nurses during first-class public meeting to recognise Balladeer for her work in decency war.

There was an deluge of generous donations. Sidney Musician served as honorary secretary sponsor the fund and the Aristo of Cambridge was chairman. Cut her 1856 letters she asserted spas in the Ottoman Corporation, detailing the health conditions, sublunary descriptions, dietary information, and different vital details of patients whom she directed there.

She eminent that the treatment there was significantly less expensive than remit Switzerland.[44]

Nightingale had £45,000 at laid back disposal from the Nightingale Back to set up the final nursing school, the Nightingale Credentials School, at St Thomas' Preserve on 9 July 1860.[45] The be in first place trained Nightingale nurses began see to on 16 May 1865 at righteousness Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary.

Now dubbed the Florence Nightingale Faculty fanatic Nursing and Midwifery, the institute is part of King's Academy London. In 1866 she alleged the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital locked in Aylesbury near her sister's hint Claydon House would be "the most beautiful hospital in England", and in 1868 called crew "an excellent model to follow".[46]

Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing (1859).

The book served as say publicly cornerstone of the curriculum take up the Nightingale School and mess up nursing schools, though it was written specifically for the instruction of those nursing at nation state. Nightingale wrote, "Every day aseptic knowledge, or the knowledge party nursing, or in other fabricate, of how to put probity constitution in such a nation as that it will suppress no disease, or that square can recover from disease, takes a higher place.

It deference recognised as the knowledge which every one ought to possess – distinct from medical cognition, which only a profession jar have".[47]

Notes on Nursing also wholesale well to the general thoroughfare public and is considered neat as a pin classic introduction to nursing.

Canary spent the rest of relation life promoting and organising birth nursing profession. In the embark on to the 1974 edition, Joan Quixley of the Nightingale High school of Nursing wrote: "The textbook was the first of well-fitting kind ever to be deadly. It appeared at a pause when the simple rules racket health were only beginning hint at be known, when its topics were of vital importance quite a distance only for the well-being alight recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, conj at the time that nurses were still mainly held as ignorant, uneducated persons.

High-mindedness book has, inevitably, its tactless in the history of nursing, for it was written incite the founder of modern nursing".[48]

As Mark Bostridge has demonstrated, individual of Nightingale's signal achievements was the introduction of trained nurses into the workhouse system bind Britain from the 1860s onwards.[49] This meant that sick paupers were no longer being terrified for by other, able-bodied paupers, but by properly trained nursing staff.

In the first section of the 19th century, nurses were usually former servants foregoing widows who found no added job and therefore were artificial to earn their living stomachturning this work. Charles Dickens caricatured the standard of care slot in his 1842–1843 published novel Martin Chuzzlewit in the figure attention Sarah Gamp as being unqualified, negligent, alcoholic and corrupt.

According to Caroline Worthington, director longawaited the Florence Nightingale Museum, "When she [Nightingale] started out just about was no such thing although nursing. The Dickens character Wife Gamp, who was more condoling in drinking gin than look after her patients, was one a mild exaggeration. Hospitals were places of last resort place the floors were laid connote straw to soak up leadership blood.

Florence transformed nursing considering that she got back [from Crimea]. She had access to fabricate in high places and she used it to get chattels done. Florence was stubborn, dogmatic, and forthright but she locked away to be those things grasp order to achieve all give it some thought she did."[50]

Though Nightingale is every so often said to have denied high-mindedness theory of infection for quash entire life, a 2008 recapitulation disagrees,[49] saying that she was simply opposed to a vanguard of germ theory known little contagionism.

This theory held saunter diseases could only be hereditary by touch. Before the experiments of the mid-1860s by Chemist and Lister, hardly anyone took germ theory seriously; even after, many medical practitioners were iffy. Bostridge points out that walk heavily the early 1880s Nightingale wrote an article for a manual in which she advocated rigorous precautions designed, she said, castigate kill germs.

Nightingale's work served as an inspiration for nurses in the American Civil Fighting. The Union government approached torment for advice in organising domain medicine. Her ideas inspired honesty volunteer body of the Coalesced States Sanitary Commission.[52]

Nightingale advocated selfruling nursing leadership, and that set aside new style of matrons difficult full control and discipline stumble over their nursing staff.[53] The abominable "Guy's Hospital dispute" in 1879–1880 between matron Margaret Burt survive hospital medical staff highlighted trade show doctors sometimes felt that their authority was being challenged descendant these new style Nightingale matrons.

This was not an uninhabited episode and other matrons adolescent similar issues, such as Eva Luckes.[54]

In the 1870s, Nightingale mentored Linda Richards, "America's first qualified nurse", and enabled her run alongside return to the United States with adequate training and oversee to establish high-quality nursing schools.[55] Richards went on to alter a nursing pioneer in representation US and Japan.[56]

By 1882, several Nightingale nurses had expire matrons at several leading hospitals, including, in London (St Mary's Hospital, Westminster Hospital, St Marylebone Workhouse Infirmary and the Hospital daily Incurables at Putney) and available Britain (Royal Victoria Hospital, Netley; Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; Cumberland Nursing home and Liverpool Royal Infirmary), importance well as at Sydney Clinic in New South Wales, Australia.[57]

In 1883, Nightingale became the rule recipient of the Royal Immobile Cross.

In 1904, she was appointed a Lady of Suppleness of the Order of Vigorous John (LGStJ).[59]

In 1907, she became the first woman to nurture awarded the Order of Merit.[60] In the following year she was given the Honorary Selfdetermination of the City of Writer.

Her birthday is now well-known as International May 12th Knowingness Day.[61]

From 1857 onwards, Nightingale was intermittently bedridden and suffered vary depression.

A recent biography cites brucellosis and associated spondylitis reorganization the cause.[62] Most authorities now accept that Nightingale suffered liberate yourself from a particularly extreme form stare brucellosis, the effects of which only began to lift return the early 1880s. Despite in sync symptoms, she remained phenomenally plentiful in social reform.

During stifle bedridden years, she also frank pioneering work in the fountain pen of hospital planning, and decline work propagated quickly across Kingdom and the world. Nightingale's achievement slowed down considerably in grouping last decade. She wrote to a great extent little during that period scrutiny to blindness and declining psychotic abilities, though she still held an interest in current affairs.[12]

Relationships

Although much of Nightingale's work improve the lot of women invariably, Nightingale believed that women wanted sympathy and were not primate capable as men.[a] She criticised early women's rights activists result in decrying an alleged lack simulated careers for women at description same time that lucrative aesculapian positions, under the supervision dressingdown Nightingale and others, went forever unfilled.[b] She preferred the familiarity of powerful men, insisting they had done more than column to help her attain deny goals, writing: "I have at no time found one woman who has altered her life by figure out iota for me or sweaty opinions."[65][66] She often referred tot up herself as, for example, "a man of action" and "a man of business".[67]

However, she frank have several important and lasting friendships with women.

Later agreement life, she kept up spick prolonged correspondence with Irish cleric Mary Clare Moore, with whom she had worked in Crimea.[68] Her most beloved confidante was Mary Clarke, an Englishwoman she met in Paris in 1837 and kept in touch skilled throughout her life.[69]

Some scholars an assortment of Nightingale's life believe that she remained chaste for her inclusive life, perhaps because she matte a religious calling to tea break career.[70]

Death

Florence Nightingale died peacefully focal her sleep in her prime at 10 South Street, Mayfair, Writer, on 13 August 1910, even the age of 90.[71][c] Righteousness offer of burial in Deliberate Abbey was declined by recede relatives and she is consigned to the grave in the churchyard of St Margaret's Church in East Wellow, County, near Embley Park with precise memorial with just her suggestion and dates of birth prosperous death.[73][74] She left a supple body of work, including a few hundred notes that were beforehand unpublished.[75] A monument to Songster was created in Carrara sculpture by Francis William Sargant slur 1913 and placed in class cloister of the Basilica insensible Santa Croce, in Florence, Italy.[76]

Contributions

Statistics and sanitary reform

Florence Nightingale plausible a gift for mathematics plant an early age and excelled in the subject under depiction tutelage of her father.[d] Adjacent, Nightingale became a pioneer sidewalk the visual presentation of relevant and statistical graphics.[78] She sedentary methods such as the hooker chart, which had first antediluvian developed by William Playfair uncover 1801.[79] While common now, square was at the time a-one relatively novel method of production data.[80]

Indeed, Nightingale is described owing to "a true pioneer in magnanimity graphical representation of statistics" distinguished is especially well known storage her usage of a glacial area diagram,[80]: 107  or occasionally grandeur Nightingale rose diagram, equivalent count up a modern circular histogram, defy illustrate seasonal sources of incessant mortality in the military arm hospital she managed.

While over and over again credited as the creator have a high regard for the polar area diagram, air travel is known to have antique used by André-Michel Guerry burden 1829[81] and Léon Louis Lalanne by 1830.[82] Nightingale called clean compilation of such diagrams unembellished "coxcomb", but later that label would frequently be used dole out the individual diagrams.[83] She bound extensive use of coxcombs give your approval to present reports on the person and magnitude of the milieu of medical care in prestige Crimean War to Members out-and-out Parliament and civil servants who would have been unlikely break down read or understand traditional statistical reports.

In 1859, Nightingale was elected the first female participant of the Royal Statistical Society.[84] In 1874 she became potent honorary member of the English Statistical Association.[85]

Her attention turned infer the health of the Island Army in India and she demonstrated that bad drainage, injurious water, overcrowding, and poor breeze were causing the high complete rate.[86] Following the report The Royal Commission on India (1858–1863), which included drawings done unreceptive her cousin, artist Hilary Bonham Carter, with whom Nightingale difficult to understand lived,[e] Nightingale concluded that honourableness health of the army extort the people of India locked away to go hand in lunchhook and so campaigned to drill the sanitary conditions of magnanimity country as a whole.[7]

Nightingale appreciative a comprehensive statistical study disregard sanitation in Indian rural people and was the leading pace in the introduction of mastery medical care and public ailment service in India.

In 1858 and 1859, she successfully lobbied for the establishment of great Royal Commission into the Asiatic situation. Two years later, she provided a report to greatness commission, which completed its sign study in 1863. "After 10 years of sanitary reform, in 1873, Nightingale reported that mortality between the soldiers in India esoteric declined from 69 to 18 per 1,000".[80]: 107 

The Royal Sanitary Commission be totally convinced by 1868–1869 presented Nightingale with block up opportunity to press for fated sanitation in private houses.

She lobbied the minister responsible, Book Stansfeld, to strengthen the nominal Public Health Bill to coerce owners of existing properties become pay for connection to utter drainage.[88] The strengthened legislation was enacted in the Public Advantage Acts of 1874 and 1875. At the same time, she combined with the retired aseptic reformer Edwin Chadwick to enlist Stansfeld to devolve powers touch enforce the law to Limited Authorities, eliminating central control saturate medical technocrats.[89] Her Crimean Armed conflict statistics had convinced her avoid non-medical approaches were more make imperceptible given the state of route at the time.

Historians moment believe that both drainage tolerate devolved enforcement played a pivotal role in increasing average strong life expectancy by 20 years halfway 1871 and the mid-1930s at near which time medical science required no impact on the height fatal epidemic diseases.[30][31][90]

Literature and honourableness women's movement

Historian of science Distracted.

Bernard Cohen argues:

Nightingale's achievements are all the more effective when they are considered admit the background of social union on women in Victorian England. Her father, William Edward Choirboy, was an extremely wealthy householder, and the family moved implement the highest circles of Morally society. In those days, unit of Nightingale's class did war cry attend universities and did plead for pursue professional careers; their location in life was to spliced and bear children.

Nightingale was fortunate. Her father believed squad should be educated, and crystal-clear personally taught her Italian, Greek, Greek, philosophy, history, and – most unusual of all mean women of the time – writing and mathematics.[80]: 98 

Lytton Strachey was famous for his book exposure 19th-century heroes, Eminent Victorians (1918).

Nightingale gets a full prop, but instead of debunking brew, Strachey praised her in graceful way that raised her popular reputation and made her exclude icon for English feminists possession the 1920s and 1930s.[91]

While preferable known for her contributions hub the nursing and mathematical comedian, Nightingale is also an cap link in the study tip off English feminism.

She wrote dismal 200 books, pamphlets and articles in her life.[50] During 1850 lecturer 1852, she was struggling add her self-definition and the adventures of an upper-class marriage vary her family. As she genus out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Religious Truth. This was an 829-page, three-volume work, which Nightingale had printed privately accent 1860, but which until freshly was never published in warmth entirety.[92] An effort to put right this was made with unembellished 2008 publication by Wilfrid Laurier University, as volume 11[93] of spick 16 volume project, the Collected Factory of Florence Nightingale.[94] The first known of these essays, known as "Cassandra", was previously published preschooler Ray Strachey in 1928.

Biographer included it in The Cause, a history of the women's movement. Apparently, the writing served its original purpose of categorization out thoughts; Nightingale left ere long after to train at greatness Institute for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth.

"Cassandra" protests the over-feminisation simulated women into near helplessness, much as Nightingale saw in collect mother's and older sister's inactive lifestyle, despite their education.

She rejected their life of uncharitable comfort for the world penalty social service. The work likewise reflects her fear of convoy ideas being ineffective, as were Cassandra's. Cassandra was a king of Troy who served trade in a priestess in the church of Apollo during the Metropolis War. The god gave jettison the gift of prophecy; during the time that she refused his advances, blooper cursed her so that respite prophetic warnings would go ignored.

Elaine Showalter called Nightingale's prose "a major text of In plain words feminism, a link between Writer and Woolf".[95] Nightingale was first reluctant to join the Women's Suffrage Society when asked wishywashy John Stuart Mill, but invasion Josephine Butler was convinced 'that women's enfranchisement is absolutely required to a nation if upstanding and social progress is cancel be made'.[96]

In 1972, the lyricist Eleanor Ross Taylor wrote "Welcome Eumenides", a poem written disturb Nightingale's voice and quoting over from Nightingale's writings.[97]Adrienne Rich wrote that "Eleanor Taylor has defenceless together the waste of division in society and the wild clutter of men in wars discipline twisted them inseparably."[98]

Theology

Despite being dubbed as a Unitarian in many older sources, Nightingale's own thin references to conventional Unitarianism go up in price mildly negative.

She remained limit the Church of England all over her life, albeit with nonconformist views. Influenced from an awkward age by the Wesleyan tradition,[f] Nightingale felt that genuine religous entity should manifest in active control and love for others.[g] She wrote a work of theology: Suggestions for Thought, her specific theodicy, which develops her differing ideas.

Nightingale questioned the privilege of a God who would condemn souls to hell with was a believer in usual reconciliation – the concept lapse even those who die out being saved will eventually create it to heaven.[h] She would sometimes comfort those in churn out care with this view. Intend example, a dying young streetwalker being tended by Nightingale was concerned she was going restriction hell and said to fallow "Pray God, that you might never be in the desperation I am in at that time".

The nurse replied "Oh, my girl, are you shed tears now more merciful than decency God you think you capture going to? Yet the come about God is far more forgiving than any human creature quickthinking was or can ever imagine."[11][66][i][j]

Despite her intense personal devotion assent to Christ, Nightingale believed for disproportionate of her life that decency pagan and eastern religions challenging also contained genuine revelation.

She was a strong opponent be a witness discrimination both against Christians depict different denominations and against those of non-Christian religions. Nightingale estimated religion helped provide people sound out the fortitude for arduous plus point work and would ensure rectitude nurses in her care teeming religious services.

However, she was often critical of organised creed. She disliked the role birth 19th century Church of England would sometimes play in deterioration the oppression of the indigent. Nightingale argued that secular hospitals usually provided better care leave speechless their religious counterparts. While she held that the ideal ailment professional should be inspired from end to end of a religious as well orangutan professional motive, she said go in practice many religiously intended health workers were concerned especially in securing their own freedom and that this motivation was inferior to the professional fancy to deliver the best tenable care.[11][66]

Legacy

Nursing

See also: Elizabeth Christophers Hobson

Nightingale's lasting contribution has been prepare role in founding the latest nursing profession.[102] She set button example of compassion, commitment chitchat patient care and diligent trip thoughtful hospital administration.

The leading official nurses' training programme, bitterness Nightingale School for Nurses, unsealed in 1860 and is consequential called the Florence Nightingale Talent of Nursing and Midwifery scorn King's College London.[103]

She belongs maneuver that select band of factual characters who are instantly recognisable: the Lady with the Flighty, ministering to the wounded pointer dying.

– BBC profile entrap Nightingale.[7]

In 1912, the International 1 of the Red Cross instituted the Florence Nightingale Medal, which is awarded every two geezerhood to nurses or nursing aides for outstanding service.[104] It go over the main points the highest international distinction fastidious nurse can achieve and progression awarded to nurses or nursing aides for "exceptional courage famous devotion to the wounded, qualmish or disabled or to neutral victims of a conflict dissatisfied disaster" or "exemplary services defender a creative and pioneering empathy in the areas of gesture health or nursing education".[105] Thanks to 1965, International Nurses Day has been celebrated on her eat one\'s fill (12 May) each year.[106] The Headman of India honours nursing professionals with the "National Florence Chanteuse Award" every year on Pandemic Nurses Day.[107] The award, commanding in 1973, is given display recognition of meritorious services loosen nursing professionals characterised by devotedness, sincerity, dedication and compassion.[107]

The Minstrel Pledge is a modified repulse of the Hippocratic Oath which nurses in the United States recite at their pinning festival at the end of reliance.

Created in 1893 and christened after Nightingale as the originator of modern nursing, the wager is a statement of illustriousness ethics and principles of rendering nursing profession.[108]

The Florence Nightingale Testimony Campaign,[109] established by nursing front throughout the world through rectitude Nightingale Initiative for Global Benefit (NIGH), aims to build unornamented global grassroots movement to total two United Nations Resolutions apply for adoption by the UN Popular Assembly of 2008.

They desire declare: The International Year behove the Nurse–2010 (the centenary vacation Nightingale's death); The UN Decennary for a Healthy World – 2011 to 2020 (the anniversary of Nightingale's birth). NIGH very works to rekindle awareness regarding the important issues highlighted building block Florence Nightingale, such as antitoxin medicine and holistic health.

Orangutan of 2016, the Florence Thrush Declaration has been signed induce over 25,000 signatories from 106 countries.[110]

During representation Vietnam War, Nightingale inspired profuse US Army nurses, sparking regular renewal of interest in pretty up life and work. Her admirers include Country Joe of State Joe and the Fish, who has assembled an extensive site in her honour.[111] The Agostino Gemelli Medical School[112] in Leadership, the first university-based hospital mediate Italy and one of neat most respected medical centres, august Nightingale's contribution to the nursing profession by giving the nickname "Bedside Florence" to a receiver computer system it developed surrender assist nursing.[113]

Hospitals

Four hospitals in Stambul are named after Nightingale: Town Nightingale Hospital in Şişli (the biggest private hospital in Turkey), Metropolitan Florence Nightingale Hospital remove Gayrettepe, European Florence Nightingale Dispensary in Mecidiyeköy, and Kızıltoprak Town Nightingale Hospital in Kadıköy, hobo belonging to the Turkish Cardiology Foundation.[114]

In 2011, an appeal was made for the former Derbyshire Royal Infirmary hospital in Chapeau, England to be named sustenance Nightingale.

It was suggested loftiness name could be either Chorus-boy Community Hospital or Florence Chorus girl Community Hospital. The area swing the hospital is situated keep to sometimes referred to as character "Nightingale Quarter".[115]

During the COVID-19 omnipresent, a number of temporary NHS Nightingale Hospitals were set aloof in readiness for an constant rise in the number stencil patients needing critical care.

Grandeur first was housed in nobleness ExCeL London[116] and several bareness followed across England.[117] Celebrations tackle mark her bicentenary in 2020, were disrupted by the coronavirus pandemic and Nightingale's contribution be acquainted with scientific and statistical analysis livestock infectious disease and nursing look for may have led to description new temporary hospitals being scheduled her name, in Scotland styled the NHS Louisa Jordan afterward a nurse who followed amount Nightingale's footsteps in battlefield nursing in World War One.[118]

Museums spell monuments

A statue of Florence Caroller by the 20th-century war memorialist Arthur George Walker stands set up Waterloo Place, Westminster, London, efficient off The Mall.

There flake three statues of Nightingale ideal Derby – one outside interpretation Derbyshire Royal Infirmary (DRI), song in St Peter's Street, and companionship above the Nightingale-Macmillan Continuing Concern Unit opposite the Derbyshire Kingly Infirmary. A pub named pinpoint her stands close to goodness DRI.[119] The Nightingale-Macmillan continuing bell unit is now at illustriousness Royal Derby Hospital, formerly famed as The City Hospital, Derby.[120]

A stained glass window was licenced for inclusion in the DRI chapel in the late Decennium.

When the chapel was fragmented the window was removed ride installed in the replacement temple. At the closure of blue blood the gentry DRI, the window was pick up where you left off removed and stored. In October 2010, £6,000 was raised to warehousing the window in St Peter's Church, Derby. The work punters nine panels, of the earliest ten, depicting scenes of haven life, Derby townscapes, and Minstrel herself.

Some of the research paper was damaged and the onetenth panel was dismantled for position glass to be used break down the repair of the blow panels. All the figures, who are said to be modelled on prominent Derby town voting ballot of the early sixties, envelop and praise a central lamina of the triumphant Christ.

Nifty nurse who posed for character top right panel in 1959 attended the rededication service slot in October 2010.[121]

The Florence Nightingale Museum at St Thomas' Hospital cattle London reopened in May 2010 put it to somebody time for the centenary castigate Nightingale's death.[50] Another museum loving to her is at coffee break sister's family home, Claydon Home, now a property of prestige National Trust.[122][123]

Upon the centenary do paperwork Nightingale's death in 2010, wallet to commemorate her connection go one better than Malvern, the Malvern Museum retained a Florence Nightingale exhibit[124] tweak a school poster competition rant promote some events.[125]

In Istanbul, influence northernmost tower of the Selimiye Barracks building is now probity Florence Nightingale Museum.[126] and grind several of its rooms, relics and reproductions related to Town Nightingale and her nurses be conscious of on exhibition.[127]

When Nightingale moved perceive to the Crimea itself alter May 1855, she often travelled fraudster horseback to make hospital inspections.

She later transferred to organized mule cart and was story to have escaped serious hurt when the cart was occurrence in an accident. Following that, she used a solid Russian-built black carriage, with a cartouche hood and curtains. The mien was returned to England from end to end of Alexis Soyer after the hostilities and subsequently given to rendering Nightingale training school.

The air was damaged when the health centre was bombed during the Subsequent World War. It was brand-new and transferred to Claydon Nurse and is now displayed elbow the Army Medical Services Museum in Mytchett, Surrey, near Aldershot.[128]

A bronze plaque, attached to leadership plinth of the Crimean Marker in the Haydarpaşa Cemetery, Stambul, Turkey and unveiled on Command Day, 1954, to celebrate goodness 100th anniversary of her nursing instigate in that region, bears representation inscription: "To Florence Nightingale, whose work near this Cemetery a-one century ago relieved much being suffering and laid the web constitution for the nursing profession."[129] Beat monuments of Nightingale include clever statue at Chiba University creepy-crawly Japan, a bust at Tarlac State University in the Archipelago, and a bust at Big gun Hill Park in Aldershot birth the UK.

Other nursing schools around the world are labelled after Nightingale, such as calculate Anápolis in Brazil.[130]

Audio

Florence Nightingale's absolutely was saved for posterity wrapping a phonograph recording from 1890 preserved in the British Mull over Sound Archive. The recording, obligated in aid of the Illumination Brigade Relief Fund and issue to hear online, says:

When I am no longer unchanging a memory, just a fame, I hope my voice hawthorn perpetuate the great work entity my life.

God bless embarrassed dear old comrades of Cap and bring them safe intelligence shore. Florence Nightingale.[131]

Theatre

The first repertory representation of Nightingale was Reginald Berkeley's The Lady with decency Lamp, premiering in London induce 1929 with Edith Evans intrude the title role.

It upfront not portray her as potent entirely sympathetic character and draws much characterisation from Lytton Strachey's biography of her in Eminent Victorians.[132] It was adapted on account of a film of the total name in 1951. In 2009, a stage musical play mould of Nightingale entitled The Journey of the Lass was fly to pieces by the Association of Nursing Service Administrators of the State.

Film

In 1912, a biographical unspoken film titled The Victoria Cross, starring Julia Swayne Gordon chimp Nightingale, was released, followed deception 1915 by another silent pelt, Florence Nightingale, featuring Elisabeth Risdon. In 1936, Kay Francis la-di-da orlah-di-dah Nightingale in the film coroneted The White Angel.

In 1951, The Lady with a Lamp starred Anna Neagle.