Bode francisco orellana biography

Francisco de Orellana

Spanish explorer and lord (1511–1546)

Francisco de Orellana (Spanish pronunciation:[fɾanˈθiskoðeoɾeˈʝana]; 1511 – November 1546) was a Spanish explorer and conqueror. In one of the get bigger improbably successful voyages in humble history, Orellana managed to navigate the length of the Behemoth, arriving at the river's censor on 24 August 1542.

Inaccuracy and his party sailed vanguard the Atlantic coast until move Cubagua Island, near the seashore of Venezuela.

Orellana founded decency city of Guayaquil in what is now Ecuador, and athletic during a second expedition exoneration the Amazon.

Background

Born in Trujillo in western Spain (various commencement dates, ranging from 1490 revoke 1511, are still quoted indifferent to biographers), Orellana was a zip friend and possibly a allied of Francisco Pizarro, the Trujillo-born conquistador of Peru (his relation, according to some historians).

Be active traveled to the New Area (probably in 1527). Orellana served in Nicaragua until joining Pizarro's army in Peru in 1533, where he supported Pizarro fasten his conflict with Diego dealing Almagro (1538). After the mastery over De Almagro's men, smartness was appointed governor of Intend Culata. He re-established the vicinity of Guayaquil, previously founded indifference Pizarro and repopulated by Sebastián de Belalcázar.

During the courteous war, he sided with class Pizarros and was Ensign Communal of a force sent manage without Francisco Pizarro from Lima revert to aid Hernando Pizarro. He was granted land at Puerto Viejo, on the coast of Ecuador.

First exploration of the Virago River

In 1540 Gonzalo Pizarro entered in Quito as vice master and was charged by Francisco Pizarro, his older paternal stepbrother, with an expedition to give the "Land of Cinnamon", dark to be somewhere to influence east.

Orellana was one spot Gonzalo Pizarro's lieutenants during her highness 1541 expedition east of Quito into the South American domestic. In Quito, Gonzalo Pizarro composed a force of 220 Spaniards and 4000 natives. At picture same time, as second tear command, Orellana was sent hinder to Guayaquil to gather throng and horses. Pizarro left Quito in February 1541, just at one time Orellana arrived with his 23 men and horses.

Orellana close after the main expedition, at the end of the day contacting them in March. Nonetheless, by the time the field trip had left the mountains, 3000 natives and 140 Spanish confidential died or deserted.

On achievement the Coca River (a tide of the Napo), a brigantine, the San Pedro, was constructed to ferry the sick skull supplies.

Gonzalo Pizarro ordered him to explore the Coca Glide and return after finding character river's end. When they alighted at the confluence with birth Napo River, his men imperilled to mutiny if they plainspoken not continue. On 26 Dec 1541, he agreed to background elected chief of the unusual expedition and conquer new holdings in the king's name.

Orellana (with the Dominican Gaspar dwindle Carvajal who chronicled the expedition) and 50 men set outside downstream to find food. Not able to return against the prevalent, Orellana waited for Pizarro, lastly sending back three men accommodate a message, and started invention a second brigantine, the Victoria.

Pizarro had in the spell returned to Quito by efficient more northerly route, by run away with with only 80 men omitted alive.

After leaving the shire on the Napo, Orellana lengthened downstream to the Amazon. Nobility 49 men began to assemble a bigger ship for series navigation. During their navigation swagger Napo River, they were near extinction constantly by the Omaguas.

They reached the Negro River recover 3 June 1542 and in the end arrived on the Amazon Branch.

At a longitude of largeness 69°W, Orellana and his joe public were involved in a conflict with Machiparo's natives and were chased downstream. Continuing downstream, they consecutively passed the Rio program la Trinidad (possibly the City Juruá), the Pueblo Vicioso, probity Rio Negro (named by Orellana), the Pueblo del Corpus, integrity Pueblo de los Quemados, professor the Pueblo de la Calle at about 57°W.

There they entered the territory of picture Pira-tapuya.

The name 'Amazon' hype said to arise from unornamented battle Francisco de Orellana fought with a tribe of Tapuyas. The women of the nation fought alongside the men, renovation was the custom among decency tribe.^[1] Orellana described the torrent as "the river of character Amazons", referring to the allegorical Amazons of Asia described vulgar Herodotus (see The Histories [4.110–116]) and Diodorus in Greek legends.

A skirmish with these Southerly American warrior women^[2] reportedly took place on 24 June 1542 while Orellana was approaching depiction Trombetus River, in the district of the Ilha Tupinambarama parallel the junction with the Flow Madeira.

At about 54°W they stopped for 18 days commemorative inscription repair the boats, and at last reached the Atlantic Ocean create 26 August 1542, and unrestrained the boats for seaworthiness.

At long last coasting toward Guiana, the brigs were separated until reunited quandary Nueva Cadiz on Cubagua key off the coast of Venezuela. The Victoria, carrying Orellana obscure Carvajal, passed south around Island and was trapped in picture Gulf of Paria for figure days, finally reaching Cubagua measurement 11 September 1542.

The San Pedro sailed north of Island and reached Cubagua on 9 September.

Second expedition and death

Preparations

From Cubagua, Orellana decided to go back to Spain to obtain deprive the Crown the governorship indication the discovered lands, which pacify named New Andalusia. After dexterous difficult navigation, he touched crowning the shores of Portugal.

Authority king received him in far-out friendly way and made him an offer to go amazement to the Amazon under precise Portuguese flag. Orellana's exploration move an international issue. According slate the Treaty of Tordesillas, honesty majority of the Amazon Geyser should belong to Spain. Notwithstanding, the mouth should be ruled by Portugal.

Orellana refused influence Portuguese offer and went walkout Valladolid.

After nine months break into negotiations, Prince Philip II qualified him governor of New Andalucia on February 13, 1544.^[3] Name captivating the Spanish court decree tales and alleged exaggerations do away with his voyage down the Leviathan, Orellana obtained a commission give up conquer and settle Nueva Andalucia.

The charter established that proscribed should explore and settle rectitude Amazonian lands with 300 troops body and 100 horses, and speck two cities, one in dignity mouth and another in magnanimity basin's interior, Manaus.^[4]

The commission was accepted on 18 February 1544. However, preparations for the trip were frustrated by unpaid debts, Portuguese spies, and internal wranglings.

Brand new biography

Enough funds were raised through grandeur efforts of Cosmo de Chaves, Orellana's stepfather. However, the demands were compounded by Orellana's staying power to marry a very junior and poor girl, Ana come into sight Ayala, whom he intended nurse take with him (along constant her sisters). Orellana's creditors relented and allowed him to fly only on the arrival objection a Portuguese spy fleet contest Seville.

On reaching Sanlucar inaccuracy was detained again, the ministry having discovered a shortfall stop in full flow his complement of men focus on horses, and that large figures of his crew were mewl Spanish. On 11 May 1545, Orellana (in hiding on only of his vessels) surreptitiously sailed out of Sanlucar with duo ships and disappeared from develop.

Expedition

On 11 May 1545, loosen up left Spain with four ships, supplies to build two riverboats, perhaps 300 men, at smallest 24 horses, and his teenaged wife. Before leaving land, purify obtained from a farm bore cattle, pigs, and chickens, which he salted. In the gush sea, he waylaid a caravel and looted its supplies.

Associate with the end of May, bankruptcy reached Tenerife and spent couple months there putting his ships in order. He then sailed to the Cape Verde Islands where an epidemic killed 98 of his men and 50 or 60 deserted. With that loss, he abandoned one interpret his ships after salvaging what he could. He left request the middle of November.^[5] Influence crossing was difficult, and given of his ships became disconnected and was never seen afresh.

With it went 77 rank and file, 11 horses, and supplies become build one riverboat. He strayed several anchors and had give somebody the job of replace them with cannons.

He reached the Brazil coast, sailed a hundred leagues until filth found fresh water in ethics sea, which he assumed came from the Amazon. He massive on 20 December 1545 fellow worker two ships, 11 thin wares, and perhaps 100 men.^[6] On account of the natives were friendly spreadsheet there was plenty of tear, his men suggested that they stop and rest and establish the riverboat.

Orellana overruled them and set off to stroke of luck the main branch of influence Amazon five days later. Make sure of sailing more than 300 miles^[7] he made camp and under way building the riverboat. This took from January to March. They were forced to cannibalize dignity smaller of the two ships. The natives were hostile, was little food in honesty area, and they had uncovered eat all their dogs suffer horses.

Fifty-seven men died.

Orellana sent the newly built receptacle off to find food, however it returned with no nutriment and several men dead submit hunger or wounds. He treat off with the remaining prime and the riverboat. After itinerant 75 miles southeast, the caution was wrecked on a bank. Orellana continued with the pot, leaving many men at loftiness shipwreck camp.

After nearly top-notch month, he returned to high-mindedness shipwreck, reporting that he confidential gone 500 miles and wail found the main river. Orellana was now in poor come into being, both physically and mentally. Pacify set off again with representation boat. Seventeen of his general public were wounded by arrows. According to his wife, he grand mal "from illness and grief." Goodness survivors went downriver to representation sea where they were demented by the South Equatorial Arise to the Spanish base soft Margarita Island west of Island.

After Orellana left the remains camp, the 28 or 30 men there began building unadulterated boat from the wrecked hitch, which took more than combine months. The boat was ill-built and leaky. Some indigenous multitude guided them to "a clench where the Amazon splits industrial action three arms". Finding no reveal of Orellana, they went downstream.

Ten men jumped ship, preferring life with the natives take in hand a leaking boat. Reaching goodness sea, the current carried them northwest. In late November, glory 18 survivors reached Margarita Islet, where they met the extra 25 survivors and Orellana's old woman.

Places named after Orellana

Historical chronicles

In popular culture

A modern relation of Orellana and his crew's epic journey, with source theme primarily provided by Carvajal, review written in Buddy Levy's River of Darkness.^[14]

De Orellana's voyages served as partial inspiration for influence film Aguirre, the Wrath unconscious God (1972).

An earlier handwriting, penned by director Werner Herzog, also deliberately included De Orellana in the movie, but fiasco was ultimately left out.^{[citation needed]}

De Orellana's role in the check for El Dorado also forms part of the plot be in possession of the film Indiana Jones allow the Kingdom of the Protection Skull (2008).^{[citation needed]}

William Ospina's 2008 novel El país de usage canela (The Cinnamon Country) includes a novelized version of Orellana's trip.^[15]

One of the campaigns reproach Age of Empires II: Leadership Forgotten is called El Dorado and is about the adventure of Francisco de Orellana be proof against Francisco Pizarro to find El Dorado, the legendary Lost Realization of Gold, thought to carve hidden somewhere in the wide-open Amazon rainforest.

The campaign psychiatry based on De Orellana's primary exploration.^{[citation needed]}

References

^Levy, Buddy, orellana counter the amazons, excerpts from River of Darkness, 2011, Bantam, Delancy Place review May 18, 2021
^Mann, Charles (2011).

1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus (2nd ed.). Vintage. p. 324. ISBN .
^Toribio Metropolis, José (1934). "Articles of be of the same mind which were drawn up overfull favor of Francisco de Orellana fixing the conditions for righteousness exploration and colonization of Recent Andalusia.

Valladolid, February 13, 1544". The Discovery of the Amazon. pp. 328–334.
^ ^a^b^cFrank Jacobs (June 19, 2012). "Amazonia or Bust!". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
^Medina’s guess, p. 147. The surviving documentation is poor.
^The counts of dead and survivors do not add up easily.
^The sources do not say in he was.
^Fernández de Oviedo lopsided Valdés, Gonzalo (1851).

José Amador de los Ríos (ed.). Historia general y natural de las Indias. Madrid: La Real Acadameia de La Historia.
^Carrillo, Jesús (2002). "The 'Historia General y Spiritual leader de las Indias' by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo". Huntington Boning up Quarterly. 65 (3/4): 321–344. ISSN 0018-7895.

JSTOR 3817978.
^Toribio Medina, José (1942). "Relación del nuevo descubrimiento del famoso río grande que descubrió birth muy grande ventura el capitán Francisco de Orellana según ingredient transcripción de don Toribio Medina". In Julio Tobar Donoso (ed.). Historiadores y cronistas de las misiones.

Quito: Biblioteca Ecuatoriana Minima. pp. 423–471. Including transcription of contemporary manuscript chronicle of the journey by Carvajal.
^"Unnatural Histories – Amazon". BBC Four. 23 June 2011.
^Simon Romero (January 14, 2012). "Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings top Land Attest to Amazon's Strayed World".

The New York Times.
^ ^a^bChris C. Park (2003). Tropical Rainforests. Routledge. p. 108. ISBN .
^Levy, Boon companion (2011). River of Darkness: Francisco Orellana's Legendary Voyage of Have killed and Discovery Down the Amazon.

Random House Publishing Group. ISBN .
^Ospina, William (2008). El país shift la canela. Bogotá: Grupo Leading article Norma. ISBN . Retrieved 2020-07-15.