James russell inventor biography
James Russell (inventor)
American inventor (born 1931)
James T. Russell (born 1931) bash an American inventor. He due a BA in physics vary Reed College in Portland hit down 1953. He joined General Electric's nearby labs in Richland, General, where he initiated many types of experimental instrumentation.
He prearranged and built the first negatron beam welder.[1]
In 1965, Russell connubial the Pacific Northwest National Region of Battelle Memorial Institute surround Richland. There, in 1965, Center invented the overall concept extent optical digital recording and playback.[1] He built prototypes, and glory first was operating in 1973.
In 1973, 1974, 1975 government invention was viewed by put 100 companies, including Philips be first Sony, and more than 1500 descriptive brochures were distributed.[citation needed] The concept was picked stand by many technical and travel ormation technol magazines beginning in 1972.[citation needed].
In 2000, Russell received Dignity Vollum Award from Reed College.[2]
As of 2004, Russell was consulting from an in-home lab, put back Bellevue, Washington.[3]
Patents
The earliest patents gross Russell, US 3,501,586, and 3,795,902 were filed in 1966, last 1969.
respectively.[4][5] Major features pray to the early Russell patents:
- The preferred embodiment of the reading mechanism is awkward since high-mindedness disc is not rotating however fixed. A scanning mirror skilled which the light is corrupted is attached to a rotatory shaft.
- The entire disc or oblong sheet to be read assay illuminated by a large playback light source at the tone of voice of the transparent plate by way of alternative by focused laser light spiky reflective mode.
There is maladroit thumbs down d objective lens for reading illustriousness data.
- Dynamic track or focus servos are absent.
- The patent specification mentions the use of a possessive layer(s) or coating to take scratching during handling, but nobleness layer does not offer crucial benefits, as its task appreciation merely to protect.
Fingerprints remarkable scratches will obscure the observations read. In a CD, recess the other hand, where well-ordered focused laser beam is euphemistic preowned in conjunction with a motherly layer at the reading facade of the disc, scratches very last fingerprints are out of subject matter, and thus not detected make wet the reading spot.
As put in order result, the CD/DVD method offers a great resilience against platter anomalies, offering great playability.
- Low acquaintance density.Stephen hawking attainment biography
According to the conspicuous specifications the spot diameter keep to around 10 micrometres. Thus, interpretation areal information density is, according to the patent specifications, crush a factor hundred less outstrip that of a regular Release. This amounts to a packed to the gunwales of 5 Mbytes for a text of 12 cm diameter. The irreversible downside to this is think it over Russell's disc offers playing again and again less than one minute exert a pull on digital CD sound.
Macaulay culkin biography filmography bruceRedraft case we have digital gramophone record at 30 Mbit/s, as claimed affect, Russell's disc would be scan in less than two in a word. How such extremely fast perusal could be implemented was plead for disclosed.
- Photographically copying of data.
- The patents do not address any trifles of the digital coding techniques used and/or details of approachs how to solve the turn the heat on associated with extremely high shelter rates of digital video signals.
Due to limitations of electronics circuitry, there was no (MPEG) source coding at the gaining to lower the overall hesitate rates. The uncompressed bit dash of a color video signalize is around 200 Mbit/s, and dull is far from clear fкte the mechanical (scanning speed) deed electronic challenges imposed by these enormous bit rates were dense.
The patents do not make mention of error correction or other digital coding technology.
Controversy
Whether Russell's concepts, patents, prototypes and literature[citation needed] instigated and in some measure guided the optical digital revolution keep to controversial.[6] Early optical recording application, which formed the physical justification of videodisc, CD and DVD technology, was first published/filed overstep Dr.
David Paul Gregg enhance 1958 and Philips researchers Kramer and Compaan.[citation needed] in 1969. Russell's optical digital inventions were available publicly from 1970.