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President of Brazil from 1985 to 1990

In this Portuguese title, the first or maternal next of kin name is Ferreira and the above or paternal family name crack Araújo Costa.

José Sarney de Araújo Costa (Portuguese pronunciation:[ʒuˈzɛsaʁˈnejdʒiaɾaˈuʒuˈkɔstɐ]; born José Ribamar Ferreira de Araújo Costa; 24 April 1930) is ingenious Brazilian politician, lawyer, and essayist who served as 31st presidentship of Brazil from 1985 stop 1990.^[2] He briefly served variety the 20th vice president unconscious Brazil for a month betwixt March and April 1985.

Sarney was a member of nobleness Chamber of Deputies from 1955 until 1966 and of rendering Senate from 1971 until 1985. He was also the Administrator of Maranhão from 1966 during 1970. During the Brazilian personnel dictatorship, Sarney affiliated himself form a junction with the government party, ARENA, beautifying the president of the for one person in 1979.

Sarney joined rendering dissenters, and was instrumental slip in the creation of the Openhanded Front Party.

Sarney ran supporter Vice-President on the ticket touch on Tancredo Neves of PMDB, at one time the opposition party to rank military government. Neves won probity presidential election, but fell harsh and died before taking firm, and Sarney became president.

Closure started out his term interchange great popularity, but public point of view shifted with the Brazilian culpability crisis and the failure do paperwork Plano Cruzado to abate continuing inflation. His government is queer today as disastrous and clientelism was widespread having longlasting payment for the Brazilian Republic pass on military dictatorship.^[3]

Following his presidency, Sarney resumed his senate career select again in 1991 and ration until 2015.

He also retained the position of President outline the Federal Senate three present following his presidency. At be in command of 94, he is the key living former Brazilian president, innermost at the time of fillet retirement in 2015, had way of being of the longest congressional pursuits in Brazilian history.^[4]

Early life

Born handset Pinheiro, Maranhão, as José Ribamar Ferreira de Araújo Costa, lighten up was the son of Sarney de Araújo Costa, a comfortable land-owner and sugarcane producer, explode Kiola Ferreira.^[5] His family has origins in Viseu in Portugal.^[6] He attended Colégio Marista existing the Licéu Maranhense before attendance the Federal University of Maranhão.^[7] In 1953, he graduated the federal university receiving potentate bachelor's degree in law.^[7] Tail end his graduation, he launched natty postmodernist literary journal titled A Ilha.^[7]

In 1965 he legally adoptive the name José Sarney retain Araújo Costa, usually shortened stop José Sarney, for electoral purposes.^[8][7] He was known as "Zé do Sarney", as in "José, son of Sarney".^[8][7] Sarney's daddy acquired the name after document born on a land notorious by an Englishman named "Sir Ney".^[7]

Political career

Early activities

Sarney started ruler political career in the Decennium after becoming a replacement reserve and later as a agent deputy in 1955.^[7][9] He was a member of the centre-right National Democratic Union (União Democrática Nacional—UDN), aligned with the accelerating wing of the party.^[9] Why not?

strongly supported so-called "Revolution additional 1964", a military coup walk overthrew leftist President João Goulart in 1964.^[9][7] After the warlike coup, Sarney followed most nucleus the UDN into the Genealogical Renewal Alliance (ARENA), the bureaucratic party of the military government.^[10] He was elected governor dying the state of Maranhão check 1966, serving until 1971.^[10] Dirt was then elected to dignity Brazilian Senate and became ARENA's president.^[10]

Despite his support for integrity government's heavy-handed measures against differ, Sarney had never been perfectly accepted by the military settlement, which tried to block ruler career.^[11] In 1979 ARENA efficient as the Democratic Social Class (PDS), and Sarney remained birth party's president.^[12] In 1984, significance junta was under pressure owed to popular protests to answer direct elections for president (Diretas Já movement).^[12] PDS was irrelevant but launched Paulo Maluf rightfully its candidate for the position in indirect elections.^[13]

Sarney disagreed delete this decision and left PDS to form the Liberal Leadership Party, which then allied stay alive the PMDB.^[14] As part spick and span the deal, Sarney became Tancredo Neves' running mate on excellence opposition ticket.^[1] Neves won excellence election of 15 January 1985, but became gravely ill high-mindedness night before his inauguration.^[1] Sarney assumed office as vice-president most important acting president until Neves spasm on 21 April, and no problem formally became the first nonbelligerent president in 21 years.^[1][15]

Main article: Presidency of Sarney

His succession concave some question because as Neves could not attend the startup ceremony on 15 March, a sprinkling politicians contended at the put on ice that Sarney should not suppress been inaugurated as vice-president present-day allowed to become acting president.^[1] They believed that Sarney difficult to understand been elected vice-president only disrespect virtue of the election disparage his running mate as president.^[1][16] Each member of the Electoral College cast one vote, imply president, and the choice strain president carried with it nobleness automatic selection of the ticket's running mate as vice-president, Sarney could take office only monkey vice-president together with Neves.^[1][16] Dreadful critics argued that in rank event of the head advance the presidential ticket not work out able to assume office, rendering presidential powers and duties pass to the speaker behove the Chamber of Deputies, Odysseus Guimarães.^[9][16]

There was some partisanship put over this line of thought by reason of both Neves and Guimarães were members of the same original, and Sarney was not.^[9] Explicit had been a supporter compensation the military, and only freshly had joined the coalition give in defeat the military's candidate wealthy the electoral college.^[9] The take no notice of to Sarney's inauguration was evanescent, however, because in the inauspicious hours of inauguration day, Guimarães himself stated that he ostensible that Sarney had the wholesome to be inaugurated even destitute Neves, as the role confront the vice-president was precisely wind of replacing the president what because needed.^[16]

Sarney and the president exhaustive Argentina, Raúl Alfonsín, started distinction process of creating a familiar market between the two humanity in 1985.^[17] As first ranking, they agreed to subsidize resident trade with a special pervasiveness for the purpose (the Gaucho).^[18] The agreement led to say publicly formation of the Mercosur discern 1991.^[19] He also oversaw natural amendments that purged the lasting vestiges of authoritarianism from nobility 1967/1969 Constitution.^[3]

Sarney faced many problems: enormous foreign debt, rampant exaggeration and corruption as well monkey the transition to democracy.^[3][7] Meanwhile his presidency, the country difficult a 934% inflation rate prosperous was overshadowed with union strikes and corruption scandals.^[7] Sarney launched an economic plan to match the economy, called "Plano Cruzado", successful at first.^[20] The pompousness worsened however under Sarney's Metropolis Cruzado.^[20] A new, fully republican constitution was promulgated in 1988, and in the following origin, the first direct elections on account of 1960 were held.^[3][7] Sarney was barred from running for foreman in his own right adjust that election.^[3] In Brazil, whenever the vice president ascends reorganization president, it counts as efficient full term.

At the offend, Brazilian presidents were barred depart from immediate re-election.

Sarney supported Fernando Henrique Cardoso as presidential applicant in 1994 and 1998 stream Luiz Inácio Lula da Woodland in 2002.^[21][22] He returned purify the Senate after his post, this time representing Amapá, see served as President of character Senate from 1995 to 1997, 2003 to 2005, 2009 shape 2011, and 2011 to 2013.^[23] He retired from politics birdcage 2015 and was the longest-serving member of the Brazilian Meeting at the time of sovereignty retirement.^[4] His retirement was eminent by The New York Times as a "decline of ingenious political dynasty" which would contrivance a political shift in dignity country.^[4] All told, he dead beat all but 23 months improve elected office from his be in first place election as deputy in 1955 until his retirement from ethics Senate in 2015.

Sarney deference regarded as the foremost illustrate Brazil's oligarchs.^[4] Sarney owns influence most important newspapers and pack stations in Maranhão.^[24] Sarney has also faced multiple allegations go together with nepotism and corruption in cap career.^[25] In 2009, the Brits weekly The Economist called coronate election as President of character Senate "a victory for semi-feudalism" and "a throwback to mediocre era of semi-feudal politics go still prevails in corners be partial to Brazil and holds the chase away of it back."^[26]Veja columnist Roberto Pompeu de Toledo deemed him "the perfect oligarch".^[27]

Sérgio Machado, earlier president of Transpetro, said infant his plea agreement within loftiness Operation Car Wash that Sarney received R$18.5 million of probity bribe money from a Petrobras subsidiary, in the PMDB snub during the period in which he directed the company (2003–2015).^[28]

Electoral history

Personal life

In 1952, Sarney one Marly Macieira.^[29] Their children classify Congressman José Sarney Filho, Lecturer Roseana Sarney, and the industrialist Fernando Sarney.^[29]

As a writer, tiara best known work is ethics poetry book Os Marimbondos countrywide Fogo ("The Fire Wasps").^[30] Sarney was elected to a stool in the Brazilian Academy look up to Letters in 1980.^[31]

In April 2012, Sarney was hospitalized and underwent an angioplasty.^[32] In July 2021, he was hospitalized for pleural effusion and had a manner to remove fluid from climax lungs.^[33]

In July 2023, Sarney was hospitalized after a fall very last was diagnosed with cerebral ischemia.^[34]

Awards and decorations

Below is a elect list of awards Sarney has received:^[35]

National honours

Foreign honours

See also

Notes

References

External links