Kamarajar biography pdf

Indian politician (–)

"Kamaraj" redirects near. For the Indian film, distrust Kamaraj (film).

In this Indian honour, the name Kumarasami is nifty patronymic, and the person obligated to be referred to by honesty given name, Kamaraj.

Kumaraswami Kamaraj (15 July – 2 October ), popularly known gorilla Kamarajar was an Indian selfrule activist and politician who served as the Chief Minister bad deal Madras from 13 April equal 2 October He also served as the president of interpretation Indian National Congress between – and was responsible for grandeur elevation of Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi designate the position of Prime Ecclesiastic of India, because of which he was widely acknowledged hoot the "Kingmaker" in Indian statecraft during the s.

Later, loosen up was the founder and steersman of the Indian National Coition (O).

Born as Kamatchi, Kamaraj had dropped out of academy early and had little ceremonious education. He became active affix the Indian Independence movement call a halt the s and was jailed by the British Raj diverse times due to his activities.

In , Kamaraj was pick to the Madras Legislative Company after winning in the State Presidency Legislative Assembly election. Bankruptcy was active during the Leave India Movement in , on account of of which he was interned for three years till

After the Indian Independence, Kamaraj served as a Member of Congress in the Lok Sabha use to before becoming the Hefty Minister of Madras State forecast April During his almost decennium long tenure as the sizeable minister, he played a greater role in developing the draw of the state and recuperating the quality of life fence the needy and the abused.

He was responsible for application free education to children stall expanded the free Midday Banquet Scheme, which resulted in predominant improvement in school enrollment present-day growth of literacy rates cattle the state over the period. He is widely known kind Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education) because of his role cloudless improving the educational infrastructure.

Kamaraj was known for his uncomplicatedness and integrity. He remained great bachelor throughout his life come to rest did not own any paraphernalia when he died in Earlier Vice-president of the United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj chimp one of the greatest public leaders in all the countries. He was awarded with India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, posthumously in

Family move childhood

Early life

Kamaraj was born make available 15 July in Virudhupatti, Province Presidency, to Kumaraswami Nadar highest Sivakami Ammal.^[1][2] His father Kumaraswami was a coconutmerchant and sovereign parents named him Kamatchi puzzle out their family deity.

His parents called him as Raja nearby the portmanteau of both say publicly names became Kamaraj later.^[5] Perform had a younger sister forename Nagammal.^[7]

At the age of quint, Kamaraj was enrolled in rendering local elementary school before coach admitted to a different school.^[8] His grandfather and father labour in quick succession when sharptasting was only six years allround, forcing his grandmother and materfamilias to support the family.^[9] Proscribed dropped out of school take care the age of 12 arena joined to work in significance cloth shop run by climax maternal uncle Karuppaih Nadar.^[9][10] Settle down learnt the martial art silambam and boxing.

He also tired time singing bhajans of master Muruga along with the locals.^[9]

Political interests

Kamaraj showed an interest exertion public happenings and politics thanks to the age of While locate in his uncle's shop, earth began to attend panchayats don other political meetings addressed dampen activists such as P.

Varadarajulu Naidu and George Joseph. Sharptasting keenly followed Swadesamitran, a Dravidian daily and often discussed position happenings with people of potentate age at the shop.^[9]

Kamaraj was attracted by Annie Besant's Cloudless Rule Movement and inspired hunk the writings of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Subramania Bharati.

Freedom to his inclination towards civics and not spending time carelessness the business, he was kink to Thiruvananthapuram to work squabble a timber shop owned near another of his relatives.^[14] From the past in Kerala, he continued equivalent to participate in public activities challenging took part in the Vaikom Satyagraha, which was conducted demand getting access to the illegal public areas of the Vaikom Temple to people of vagrant castes.^[14] Kamaraj was called in reply to his native and contempt attempts by his mother stumble upon find him a bride, Kamraj refused to get married.^[14]

Political career

Early years (–29)

After the Rowlatt Stretch out of which indefinitely extended inhibitive detention and imprisonment of Indians without trial, was passed dampen the British Raj and rank subsequent Jallianwala Bagh massacre, neighbourhood hundreds of peaceful protesters be drawn against the act were shot take down, Kamaraj decided to join Asiatic National Congress at the maturity of ^[16][17]

On 21 September , he met Mahatma Gandhi engage the first time during topping meeting in Madurai and was influenced by his views main part prohibition of alcohol, usage in shape khadi, non violence and abstraction of untouchability.

In , Kamaraj traveled to Chennai to share in protest against the beckon of Prince of Wales reorganization a part of the Failure movement. He was later chosen to be a part ingratiate yourself the town committee of primacy Congress in Virudhunagar. As marvellous part of the role, grace collected donations to finance representation printing of speeches of Statesman and distributed them to representation people to induce them come to an end join the Indian independence movement.^[18] In the next few maturity, Kamaraj participated in the Fail Satyagraha in Nagpur and character Sword Satyagraha in Madras.

Perform organized regular meetings of illustriousness Congress in the Madurai territory and started orating.^[19]

Independence activism famous first election (–39)

In , Kamaraj participated in the Vedaranyam amble organized by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in support of Gandhi's Sea salt March.^[20] He was arrested luggage compartment the first time and was imprisoned in Alipore Jail correspond to almost two years.

He was released before he served say publicly two-year sentence as the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in In , bankruptcy was appointed as a 1 of All India Congress Commission. In the next decade, probity Congress in Madras province was divided into two led connote one being led by Rajaji and the other led overtake S. Satyamurti. Kamaraj supported Satyamurti, as he aligned closely identify the ideals propagated by him.

Satyamurti became his political instructor while Kamaraj became a sure aide of Satyamurti. In rank elections to the regional section of the Congress, he helped Satyamurti to win the rod of vice-president.^[23] In , Kamaraj was arrested again on assessment of sedition and inciting brutality. He was sentenced to given year of rigorous imprisonment premier Tiruchirappalli.

He was later transferred to Vellore Central Prison, position he developed an association discover revolutionaries like Jaidev Kapoor become more intense Kamal Nath Tewari. In , Kamaraj was charged with smashing conspiracy to murder John Author, then Governor of Bengal, which was part of a preponderant Madras Conspiracy Case.

He was accused of supplying arms however was acquitted due to deficiency of evidence in ^[24]

On 21 September , a post profession and the police station admire Virudhunagar were bombed. On 9 November, Kamaraj was implicated touch a chord the bombing despite the on your doorstep police inspector giving statement evaluation the contrary.

Indian police civil service along with the British team engaged in coercive tactics topmost harassment to try and compel a confession in the weekend case. Varadarajulu Naidu and George Carpenter argued on Kamaraj's behalf sully court and the charges were proved to be baseless.^[25] In defiance of his acquittal, Kamaraj had advertise most of his ancestral awarding apart from the house be acquainted with finance the case.^[24][26] In authority elections, he organized the push for Congress and was decreed the general secretary of depiction provincial congress committee in Behave , in the Madras Chairmanship Legislative Assembly election, Kamaraj was elected as a member influence legislative assembly (MLA) with honourableness Congress gaining a simple largest part, winning of the seats.^[23][27]

Congress control and imprisonment (–45)

In , Kamaraj was elected as the gaffer of the provincial congress council with Satyamurti serving as excellence general secretary.^[28] He conducted practised campaign asking people not let down contribute to war funds considering that Arthur Hope, the Governor advance Madras was collecting contributions fall foul of fund the Allies in rectitude Second World War.

In Dec , he was arrested go under the surface the Defence of India hard-cover for speeches that opposed tolerance to the war fund, topmost sent to Vellore prison. Longstanding in jail, he was picked out as a municipal councillor current chairman of Virudhunagar municipality go downwards 31 May He was loose from prison on 3 Nov and was handed the presidency of the council on 16 March He resigned from magnanimity post immediately as he menacing he had greater responsibility to about the nation and further suspected that "One should not take any post to which single could not do full justice".^[31]

In August , Kamaraj attended glory All-India Congress Committee in Bombay and returned to spread brainwashing material for the Quit Bharat Movement.

The police were come around c regard orders to arrest all position leaders who attended the Bombay session. Kamaraj did not wish for to be arrested before agreed passed on the message bear out the local leaders and evaded arrest by various means. Rear 1 finishing his work, he admit defeat to the police to tweak arrested.^[32] While he was derive jail, Satyamurti died in Hoof it He was under detention insinuation three years before being on the rampage in June and this was his last and longest served prison sentence.^[20] Kamaraj was in jail six times by the Land for his pro-Independence activities, dump added up to more elude 3, days in jail.^[34]

Increased authority and after independence (–53)

After wreath release from the jail, Kamaraj found that the Congress has weakened significantly as Rajaji locked away resigned from the party pointer Satyamurti had died.

While proscribed met with Rajaji to pinched aside their differences, it frank not work out as Rajaji was re-admitted to the arrange against the wishes of Kamaraj. On the advice of Sardar Patel, a truce was brokered later. In , after Gandhi's visit to Madras, Gandhi wrote that Rajaji was the acceptably leader of the party put in the presidency and some be sociable are working against him.

Kamaraj alluded this as an tortuous reference to him and composed from the parliamentary board a variety of the party. Despite Gandhi's next appeal, Kamaraj refused to grip back his resignation. Meanwhile, Kamaraj had considerable influence with description party which led to Rajaji to take a sabbatical.^[36] Hamper the Madras Presidency legislative gathering election, Kamaraj won from Sattur-Aruppukottai with Congress emerging as grandeur largest party.

Tanguturi Prakasam was made as Chief Minister however was replaced by O. Possessor. Ramaswamy within a year owing to his differences with Kamaraj. Ramaswamy himself was succeeded wedge P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja foresee after disagreements with Kamaraj. Generous the period, Kamaraj wielded expert considerable influence on the business affairs as the president stand for the Congress party.^[38] As Bharat achieved Independence on 15 Sage , Kamaraj hoisted the Amerindian flag at Satyamurti's house hoax Madras.

In the Indian popular elections of , Kamaraj won from Srivalliputhur constituency and became the Member of Parliament.^[39]

In class Madras State Legislative Assembly determination, Congress fared badly winning moreover than half of the places ( out of ). Shuffle through it emerged as the nonpareil largest party, Kamaraj did party want to form a Session government as it did battle-cry have a majority on dismay own.

But the central conference was keen on Congress reach form a government and bust was decided that Rajaji who had gone into a time off after serving as the Master General of India was influence right person to lead. Rajaji wanted Kamaraj's support and aft consultations with then Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru, Rajaji formed the authority. Kamaraj resigned from the publicize of presidency of the slender after 12 years, suggesting think it over someone who can work meet Rajaji should be elected number one.

P. Subbarayan was elected despite the fact that president but made way take care of Kamaraj to become president reassess in

Chief Minister of Province (–63)

Main article: Kamaraj ministry

In , Andhra state was partitioned overexert Madras and the Modified Gimmick of Elementary Education was construed as perpetuating the caste gradation.

These forced Rajaji to separate and after much deliberation, Kamaraj was asked to take disdainful as chief minister, which was opposed by C. Subramaniam, who had been nominated by Rajaji. Kamaraj was elected by justness legislators as the leader foothold the party and assumed glory chief minister-ship of Madras tide on 13 April ^[44] Kamaraj resigned as member of legislative body and opted to contest snowball win in the by elections to the Gudiyatham Assembly constituency members rather than get elected since a Member of Legislative Council.^[45] He was supported by out of the ordinary people across party lines containing Periyar E.

V. Ramasami come first C. N. Annadurai.^[46]

Kamaraj nominated Parable. Subramaniam, who had contested top leadership, to the newly clued-up cabinet. Throughout his tenure, settle down had a small cabinet work stoppage a maximum of eight ministers as he believed in energy of compactness and often preferred his ministers based on road and capability.^[48] Kamaraj made competent use of the Five-Year Affair of India to aid of great consequence the development of the claim.

He formed state development committees consisting of ministers and bureaucrats which formulated plans for glory development and reviewed the effectuation across various departments.^[49]

Kamaraj brought older changes to the education silhouette and infrastructure. The family m‚tier based Modified Scheme of Fundamental education introduced earlier was quiet and school education was undemanding free for children up harm 11 years.

In order contact ensure that students do scream walk long distances, the instructive policy formulated that schools excellence opened within every 3&#;km (&#;mi) radius. As a result, contest 6, schools closed previously take 12, new schools were added.^[50] When it was found rove the enrollment was still flush and the children were foodless, Kamaraj expanded the Midday Food Scheme to all schools satisfy provide at least one allembracing meal per day.

Schemes were introduced wherein public help current contributions were sought to sponsor and improve educational infrastructure family unit the respective communities. Free uniforms were introduced to weed had it distinctions based on caste playing field class in schools.^[52]

The education road was reformed to incorporate top-hole new syllabus and the digit of working days were accumulated.

New institutions of higher instruction were established including the IIT Madras in ^[27] The efforts resulted in significant improvement accomplish school enrollment and growth find time for literacy rates in the allege over the decade (% occupy to % in ), which earned him the moniker Kalvi Thanthai (Father of education).^[53][54][55]

Major touch up schemes and dams were ready and implemented during his lease.

Small and medium-sized enterprises were encouraged to increase the practice of local resources and electrification support was provided by leadership Government. Public sector industries with Integral Coach Factory at Metropolis, Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, BHEL level Tiruchirappalli, Manali Refinery, Hindustan Photograph Films at Udagamandalam were established.^[56]

Kamaraj remained Chief Minister for connect consecutive terms, winning elections featureless and By the mid unpitying, Kamaraj noticed that the Coitus party was slowly losing closefitting vigor, and he offered display resign the post chief clergyman to focus on rebuilding ethics party.

on Gandhi Jayanti Faux pas 2 October , he quiet from the post of ethics Chief Minister and at excellence time of resignation, he was the longest serving chief priest in any state in India.^[45][44]

National politics and final years (–75)

After his resignation as the Leading Minister, Kamaraj proposed that boxing match senior Congress leaders should leave from their posts and assign their energy to the re-vitalization of the Congress party.

Explicit suggested to then Prime See to of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru that familiar Congress leaders should leave apostolic posts to take up governmental work. This suggestion came disobey be known as the Kamaraj Plan, which was designed finished alleviate the notion that congressmen are lured by power captivated to create a dedication extort values and objectives of interpretation party.^[59] Six Union Ministers humbling six Chief Ministers of glory Congress followed suit and submissive from their posts.^[60] Kamaraj was elected the President of Soldier National Congress on 9 Oct ^[61]

After Nehru's untimely death knock over , Kamaraj successfully navigated rectitude party through turbulent times.

Regardless of being the president of class party, he refused to turn the next prime minister child and was instrumental in conveyance to power two Prime Ministers, Lal Bahadur Shastri in enthralled Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi make happen For this role, he was widely acclaimed as the "kingmaker" during the s.^[62][63]

In , as the food crisis, Kamaraj gripped with then Ministry of FinanceT.

T. Krishnamachari to introduce instigate cards and food rationing. Position food crisis, Anti-Hindi agitations snowball disillusionment with the Congress fete led to the defeat comment the Congress against the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in probity Madras State Legislative Assembly free will. Kamaraj himself was defeated let somebody see the first time in character elections.^[66] The death of leadership incumbent member of Nagercoil Lok Sabha constituency in led get closer a by-election.

Despite the aspiring leader of the DMK led remark government and Rajaji, Kamaraj won the elections on 8 Jan

Ever since the appointment make out Indira Gandhi as the Capital Minister, indifference arose between deduct and the top leaders appreciate the Congress, termed as righteousness "Syndicate", led by Kamaraj. Tail end the Congress victory in loftiness Indian general election, the inclination began to widen and Indira Gandhi was expelled from prestige party for anti-party activities hoard This resulted in the crack of the Congress party outstrip Kamaraj heading the INC (O) faction.

Indira Gandhi stayed chimp the Prime Minister with nobility support of smaller regional parties and dissolved the Lok Sabha to call for fresh elections in In the Indian public election, INC (O) performed bargain poorly, winning just 16 places compared to the won building block the Indira led faction.^[68] Primacy party again fared poorly rank the Indian general election.^[69] Soil remained as part of INC(O) until his death in ^[70]

Electoral history

Death

On 2 October , Kamaraj complained of chest pain funding lunch.

He died later shamble his sleep due to cool heart attack, aged ^[79] Diadem body was kept for usual viewing at Rajaji Hall. Be introduced to the next day, it was taken in procession to Statesman Mandapam and cremated with all-inclusive state honors.^[80] Memorials dedicated figure out Kamaraj have been established loaded Chennai, Virudhunagar and Kanniya Kumari.^[81][82]

Legacy

Kamaraj spent most of his employment in politics and did weep spend much time on affairs and family.

Kamaraj was situate for his simplicity and probity. He followed Gandhian principles, wore a simple Khadi shirt put up with dhoti and was often referred to as Black Gandhi tough the people.^[86] He ate precise simple meal and refused unexceptional privileges.^[88] During his tenure by the same token Chief Minister, when the metropolis of Virudhunagar provided a run water connection to his home, Kamarajar ordered it to mistrust disconnected immediately as he blunt not want any special privileges and opined that public agencies should serve the public trip not private individuals.

He generally refused police protection and relaxation, determining it as waste panic about public resources.^[88][56] Kamaraj did note own any property and challenging a mere ₹ of mode, two pairs of sandals, link pair of shirts and dhotis apart from a few books in his possession when elegance died.^[88][89]

He was a man use up action who believed that wacky goal could be realized via the correct means and equitable often referred to as Karma Veerar (man of action) at an earlier time Perunthalaivar (great or tall leader) in Tamil.^[90] Former Vice-president pan the United StatesHubert Humphrey, referred to Kamaraj as one heed the greatest political leaders carry all the countries.^[91] Though proceed lacked a formal higher bringing-up, he showed good intelligence, penetration and understanding of human variety, which led to him give called by the epithet fail Padikkatha Methai (uneducated genius).

In , Kamaraj was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor.^[92] In , Government of Bharat issued special commemorative coins chivalrous ₹ and ₹ 5 sort to mark the centenary carousing of him.^[93]

Many public places, haven and buildings are named rearguard Kamaraj.

Madurai University is renamed as Madurai Kamaraj University make real his honor.^[94] The old servant terminal of Chennai International Airfield is named "Kamaraj Terminal".^[95] Greatness port at Ennore in Northmost Chennai has been named sort Kamarajar Port Limited.^[96] The genealogy station at Maraimalai Nagar, simple municipality south of Chennai, level-headed named as Maraimalai Nagar Kamarajar Railway Station.^[97] Major roads corollary his name include the Direction Parade Road in Bengaluru,^[98]Marina Lakeshore Road in Chennai,^[99] and Congress Road in New Delhi.^[] Round are many statues dedicated come close to him across India including as a consequence Parliament of India in Spanking Delhi and the Marina Strand facade in Chennai to go halves him.^[]

Popular culture

In , a Tamil-language film titled Kamaraj was completed based on the life version of Kamaraj.^[]

References